NanoPi R5S

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1 Introduction
2 Hardware Spec
3 Diagram, Layout and Dimension
- 3.1 Layout
4 Get Started
5 Work with FriendlyWrt
6 Work with FriendlyCore
7 Work with Android
8 Work with Debian11 Desktop
9 Work with Debian10 Desktop
10 Buildroot Linux
11 How to Compile
12 Using On-Board Hardware Resources
13 Backup rootfs and create custom SD image (to burn your application into other boards)
- 13.1 Backup rootfs
- 13.2 Making a bootable SD card from a root filesystem
14 Connect NVME SSD High Speed Hard Disk
15 Common Linux-based operating system operations
16 Unbricking Method
17 Link to Rockchip Resources
18 Schematic, PCB CAD File
19 Update Logs

1 Introduction

Overview

Front

Back

Case

The NanoPi R5S (as “R5S”) is an open-sourced mini IoT gateway device with two 2.5G and one Gbps Ethernet ports, designed and developed by FriendlyElec.It is integrated with a Rockchip RK3568B2 CPU, 2GB/4GB LPDDR4x RAM and 8GB/16GB eMMC flash. It supports booting with TF cards and works with operating systems such as FriendlyWrt etc.

The NanoPi R5S has rich hardware resources with a compact size of 90 x 62 mm. FriendlyElec has released a carefully-designed custom CNC housing for it. It has one HDMI port. It works with Android, Ubuntu Desktop and Buildroot etc and works with headless systems as well. It supports decoding 4K60p H.265/H.264 formatted videos.

The NanoPi R5S has one M.2 NVME port, two USB 3.2 Gen 1 ports, and supports USB type-C power delivery. It is an ideal portable drive for saving images and videos.

All in all, the NanoPi R5S is a board featured with multiple Ethernet ports, light NAS and video playing. It is a cannot-miss platform with infinite possibilities for geeks, fans and developers.

2 Hardware Spec

SoC: Rockchip RK3568B2
- CPU: Quad-core ARM Cortex-A55 CPU, up to 2.0GHz
- GPU: Mali-G52 1-Core-2EE，supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, and 3.2, Vulkan 1.0 and 1.1, OpenCL 2.0 Full Profile
- VPU: 4KP60 H.265/H.264/VP9 video decoder, 1080P60 H.264/H.265 video encoder
- NPU: Support 0.8T
RAM: 2GB/4GB LPDDR4X
Flash: 8GB/16GB eMMC
Ethernet: one Native Gigabit Ethernet, and two PCIe 2.5Gbps Ethernet
USB: two USB 3.2 Gen 1 Type-A ports
HDMI:
- support HDMI1.4 and HDMI2.0 operation
- support up to 10 bits Deep Color modes
- support up to 1080p@120Hz and 4096x2304@60Hz
- support 3-D video formats
PCIe: M.2 Key M, PCIe2.1 x1, support NVME, PCIe WiFi etc
microSD: support UHS-I
GPIO:
- 12-pin 0.5mm FPC connector
- up to 1x SPI, up to 3x UARTs, up to 4x PWMs, up to 8x GPIOs
SD/MMC/SDIO/I2S:
- 2x8-pin 1.27mm connector
- Compatible with SDIO3.0 protocol
- Compatible with SD3.0, MMC ver4.51
- 4bits data bus widths
- 1x I2S with 2x SDO and 3x SDI
Debug: one Debug UART, 3 Pin 2.54mm header, 3.3V level, 1500000bps
LEDs: 4 x GPIO Controlled LED (SYS, WAN, LAN1, LAN2)
others:
- 2 Pin 1.27/1.25mm RTC battery input connector for low power RTC IC HYM8563TS
- MASK button for eMMC update
- one 5V Fan connector
Power supply: USB-C, support PD, 5V/9V/12V input
PCB: 8 Layer, 62x90x1.6mm
Ambient Operating Temperature: 0℃ to 70℃

3 Diagram, Layout and Dimension

3.1 Layout

NanoPi R5S Layout

12-pin GPIO

Pin#	GPIO	SPI	UART	PWM	POWER	Description
1					VCC3V3_SYS	3.3V power output
2					VCC3V3_SYS	3.3V power output
3	GPIO3_C3	SPI1_CLK_M1	UART5_RX_M1			3.3V level
4					GND
5	GPIO3_C2	SPI1_MISOI_M1	UART5_TX_M1			3.3V level
6	GPIO3_A1	SPI1_CS0_M1				3.3V level
7	GPIO3_C1	SPI1_MOSI_M1				3.3V level
8					GND
9	GPIO4_C5		UART9_TX_M1	PWM12_M1		3.3V level
10	GPIO4_C6		UART9_RX_M1	PWM13_M1		3.3V level
11	GPIO3_C4		UART7_TX_M1	PWM14_M0		3.3V level
12	GPIO3_C5		UART7_RX_M1	PWM15_IR_M0		3.3V level

2x8-pin SDIO/I2S

Pin#	GPIO	SD/MMC/SDIO	I2S	POWER	Description
1				VCC5V0_SYS	5V power output
2				VCC5V0_SYS	5V power output
3	GPIO3_C6	SDMMC2_D0_M0	I2S1_MCLK_M1		1.8V level
4	GPIO3_C7	SDMMC2_D1_M0	I2S1_SCLK_TX_M1		1.8V level
5				GND
6				GND
7	GPIO3_D0	SDMMC2_D2_M0	I2S1_LRCK_TX_M1		1.8V level
8	GPIO3_D3	SDMMC2_CLK_M0	I2S1_SDI1_M1		1.8V level
9				GND
10				GND
11	GPIO3_D1	SDMMC2_D3_M0	I2S1_SDO0_M1		1.8V level
12	GPIO3_D2	SDMMC2_CMD_M0	I2S1_SDI0_M1		1.8V level
13				GND
14				GND
15	GPIO3_D5	SDMMC2_PWREN_M0	I2S1_SDI3_M1		1.8V level
16	GPIO3_D4	SDMMC2_DET_M0	I2S1_SDI2_M1		1.8V level

Debug UART Pin Spec

3.3V level signals, 1500000bps

Pin#	Assignment	Description
1	GND	0V
2	UART2DBG_TX	output
3	UART2DBG_RX	intput

USB Port

Each USB 3.2 Gen 1 port has 1.4A overcurrent protection.

RTC

RTC backup current is 0.25μA TYP (VDD =3.0V, TA =25℃).

Connector P/N: Molex 53398-0271

4 Get Started

4.1 Essentials You Need

Before starting to use your NanoPi-R5S get the following items ready

NanoPi-R5S
MicroSD Card/TF Card: Class 10 or Above, minimum 8GB SDHC
USB C PD Charger (10W & above)
If you need to develop and compile,you need a computer that can connect to the Internet. It is recommended to install Ubuntu 20.04 64-bit system and use the following script to initialize the development environment, or use docker container:
- How to setup the Compiling Environment on Ubuntu bionic
- docker-cross-compiler-novnc

4.2 TF Cards We Tested

Refer to： TFCardsWeTested

4.3 PD Power Adapters We Tested

Refer to： PD Power Adapters We Tested

4.4 Configure parameters for serial port

Use the following serial parameters:

Baud rate	1500000
Data bit	8
Parity check	None
Stop bit	1
Flow control	None

4.5 Install OS

4.5.1 Downloads

4.5.1.1 Official image

Visit download link to download official image files (in the "01_Official images" directory).
The table below lists all official images, the word 'XYZ' in image filename meaning:

sd: Use it when you need to boot the entire OS from the SD card
eflasher: Use it when you need to flash the OS to eMMC via TF card
usb: Use it when you need to flash the OS to eMMC via USB

Icon	Image Filename	Version	Description	Kernel Version
	rk3568-XYZ-debian-bookworm-core-6.1-arm64-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	bookworm	Debian 11 Core, command line only	6.1.y
	rk3568-XYZ-debian-bullseye-minimal-6.1-arm64-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	bullseye	Debian 11 Desktop, LXDE desktop, no pre-installed recommended software, supports hardware acceleration	6.1.y
	rk3568-XYZ-debian-bullseye-desktop-6.1-arm64-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	bullseye	Debian 11 Desktop, LXDE desktop, pre-installed mpv, smplayer and chromium brower, supports hardware acceleration	6.1.y
	rk3568-XYZ-ubuntu-focal-desktop-6.1-arm64-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	focal	Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop, LXQT desktop, pre-installed mpv, smplayer and chromium brower, supports hardware acceleration	6.1.y
	rk3568-XYZ-friendlycore-focal-6.1-arm64-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	focal	FriendlyCore，command line only, pre-installed Qt5， based on Ubuntu core 20.04	6.1.y
	rk3568-XYZ-android14-YYYYMMDD.img.zip	14	Android 14 Tablet	6.1.y
	rk3568-XYZ-androidtv-YYYYMMDD.img.zip	12	Android 12 TV	5.10.y
	rk3568-XYZ-android12-YYYYMMDD.img.zip	12	Android 12 Tablet	5.10.y
	rk3568-XYZ-openmediavault-6.1-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	Shaitan	OpenMediaVault NAS system, base on Debian 12	6.1.y
	rk3568-XYZ-proxmox-6.1-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	8.2.7	Proxmox VE OS (Preview), base on Debian 12	6.1.y
	rk3568-XYZ-friendlywrt-24.10-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	24.10	FriendlyWrt, based on OpenWrt 24.10	6.1.y
	rk3568-XYZ-friendlywrt-24.10-docker-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	24.10	FriendlyWrt with Docker, based on OpenWrt 24.10	6.1.y
	rk3568-XYZ-friendlywrt-23.05-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	23.05	FriendlyWrt, based on OpenWrt 23.05	6.1.y
	rk3568-XYZ-friendlywrt-23.05-docker-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	23.05	FriendlyWrt with Docker, based on OpenWrt 23.05	6.1.y
Third Party Images
	Armbian	-	Armbian for Nanopi R5S Armbian for Nanopi R5C	-
Other Image
	FriendlyWrt (Github Actions)	24.10,23.05	FriendlyWrt	6.1.y
	Alpine-Linux (Github Actions)	-	Alpine-Linux	6.1.y
	rk3568-eflasher-multiple-os-YYYYMMDD-25g.img.gz	-	It contains multiple OS image files, making it convenient for testing different operating systems, this image disables automatic flashing at startup; you will need to manually select the OS to flash.

4.5.1.2 Tools (optional)

Visit download link to download tools (in the "05_Tools" directory).

Filename	Description
win32diskimager.rar	This program is designed to write a raw disk image to a removable device or backup a removable device to a raw image file
SD Card Formatter	A program (application) that allows easy and quick clear the SD card
RKDevTool_v3.30_for_window.zip	Rockchip flashing tool, for USB upgrade

4.5.2 Flashing the OS to the microSD card

Follow the steps below:

Get an 8G microSD card;
Visit download linkto download image files (in the "01_Official images/01_SD card images" directory);
Download the win32diskimager tool (in the "05_Tools" directory), or use your preferred tool;
Extract the .gz format compressed file to get the .img format image file;
Run the win32diskimager utility under Windows as administrator. On the utility's main window select your SD card's drive, the wanted image file and click on "write" to start flashing the SD card.
Take out the SD and insert it to NanoPi-R5S's microSD card slot;

Power on NanoPi-R5S and it will be booted from your TF card, some models may require pressing the Power button to start;

4.5.3 Install OS to eMMC

4.5.3.1 Option 1: Install OS via TF Card

This method firstly boots a mini Linux from a TF card and then automatically runs an EFlasher utility to install the OS to eMMC. You can connect your system to an HDMI monitor and watch its progress.
This is optional. You can watch its progress by observing its LEDs as well:

Progress	SYS LED(Red)	LAN LED(Green)	WAN LED(Green)
Power On	Solid On	Off	Off
System Boot	Slow Flashing	Off	Off
Installation in Progress	Fast Flashing	Off	Off
Installation Done	Slow Flashing	Solid On	Solid On

By default, flashing starts automatically upon power-up, so be sure to back up the data in eMMC. If you don't want it to start automatically, you can use image file with a filename containing the words 'multiple-os' and manually select the OS you want to flash on the interface.

4.5.3.1.1 Flash Official OS to eMMC

Follow the steps below:

Get an SDHC card with a minimum capacity of 8G
Visit download linkto download image files (in the "01_Official images/02_SD-to-eMMC images" directory) and win32diskimager tool (in the "05_Tools" directory);
Extract the .gz format compressed file to get the .img format image file;
Run the win32diskimager utility under Windows as administrator. On the utility's main window select your SD card's drive, the wanted image file and click on "write" to start flashing the SD card.
Eject your SD card and insert it to NanoPi-R5S’s microSD card slot.
Turn on NanoPi-R5S, it will boot from the SD card and automatically run EFlasher to install the OS to the board’s eMMC.
After flashing is complete, eject the SD card from NanoPi-R5S, NanoPi-R5S will automatically reboot and boot from eMMC.

4.5.3.1.2 Flash third party OS (Image file) to eMMC

Auto Install (Default Behavior)

1) Download an “eflasher” firmware from network drive(in the "01_Official images/02_SD-to-eMMC images" directory), extract it and install it to a TF card ;
2) Eject and insert the TF card to your PC, after a “FriendlyARM” device shows up(Under Linux, it is a “FriendlyARM” directory), copy the image file ending with .raw or .gz into the directory (Note: if your file is in .img format, please rename it to .raw format).
3) Open the eflasher.conf file on the TF card, set “autoStart=” to the name of your image file, such as:

autoStart=openwrt-rockchip-armv8_nanopi-ext4-sysupgrade.img.gz

In addition to third-party image, official image files which with the '-sd-' word in the filename are also supported, for example: rk3NNN-sd-friendlywrt-24.10-YYYYMMDD.img.gz
4) Eject the TF card, insert the TF card to NanoPi-R5S, power it on it will automatically install your firmware. You can watch the installation progress by observing the LEDs’ status.

4.5.3.2 Option 2: Install OS on Web Page

Get a TF card which has been installed with FriendlyWrt, log in FriendlyWrt on the web page, click on “System” ->”eMMC Tools”. Click on “Select file” to select your wanted image file, either an official image (filename containing '-sd-') or a third party image. The file should be a “.gz” or “.img” file.
After a file is selected, click on “Upload and Write” to start installing an OS.

After installation is done, eject the SD card, the system will automatically reboot and load the OS from eMMC. After the OS begins to load, if the system LED is flashing and the network LED is on, it means the the OS has loaded successfully. If the OS is FriendlyWrt, you can click on “Go to Homepage” to enter the homepage.
For official OS, you need select the file with the filename containing '-sd-', for example: rk3NNN-sd-friendlywrt-24.10-YYYYMMDD.img.gz, the compression file only supports the .gz format. If the file is too large, you can compress it into .gz format before uploading.

4.5.3.3 Option 3: Install OS via USB

4.5.3.3.1 Step 1: Install USB Driver and Tools/Utilities

Download a driver file DriverAssitant_v5.12.zip under the “tools” directory from network drive, extract and install it.
Under the same directory, download a utility RKDevTool_v3.30_for_window.zip and extract it.

4.5.3.3.2 Step 2: Connect NanoPi-R5S to PC and Enter Installation Mode

1) Press and hold the “Mask” key, power on the board. After the status LED has been on for at least 3 seconds, release the Mask key;
2) Use a USB A-to-A cable, connect NanoPi-R5S to a PC as follows;

4.5.3.3.3 Step 3: Install image to eMMC

A firmware in general is packaged in either of the two options: the first is an whole image (ie, update.img) which is often offered by third party developers, the second is that an image is packaged and placed in multiple partition images. FriendlyElec offers an image in the latter option.

Option 1: Install whole image (ie, update.img)

On a PC which has the extracted RKDevTool_v3.30_for_window utility, go to the RKDevTool_v3.30_for_window directory, run the RKDevTool.exe file. If everything works, you will see a “Found a new Maskrom device” message on the utility;
Go to “Upgrade Firmware(升级固件)”, click on “Firmware(固件)”, select your wanted image file, and click on “Upgrade(升级)” to install. After installation is done, your board will reboot automatically and load the system from eMMC;

Option 2: Install OS that is packaged & placed in multiple partition images

Go to network drive to download your needed package and extract it (in the "01_Official images/03_USB upgrade images). After it is extracted, you will see some utilities and a configuration file under the directory. double click on RKDevTool.exe, you will see a “Found a new Maskrom device” message on the utility. Click on the “Execute”, wait a moment and it will be installed. After installation is done your system will automatically reboot and load the system from eMMC.

4.5.4 Installing the System to M.2 or USB Drive

You can use a TF card to boot the eFlasher system, allowing the boot and system to be installed on different storage devices. However, since the CPU doesn’t support booting directly from M.2 and USB devices, the system can be installed on M.2 and USB devices, but the boot must still be installed on eMMC or a TF card.
Steps are as follows:

Prepare a TF card with a capacity of 32GB or larger.
Visit [the download link here](http://download.friendlyelec.com/NanoPiR5S) to download the firmware file named XXXX-eflasher-multiple-os-YYYYMMDD-30g.img.gz (located in the “01_Official images/02_SD-to-eMMC images” directory).
Flash the firmware to the TF card, connect the storage device you intend to use on NanoPi-R5S, insert the TF card and power on, we need to perform the operations in the eFlasher GUI. If your NanoPi-R5S does not have a display interface, you can use VNC; refer to Using VNC to Operate eFlasher.
In the eFlasher GUI, select the OS to install, and in the OS settings interface, choose the destination for boot installation (typically eMMC), then choose the destination for system installation (options include eMMC, M.2 hard drive, USB storage, etc.), as shown below:

If no eMMC is available, the TF card can serve as the boot by inserting another TF card into the USB port via a USB card reader and selecting it as the boot destination, enabling booting from the TF card with the system stored on the M.2 or USB drive.
After flashing, eject the SD card from NanoPi-R5S. If booting from eMMC, NanoPi-R5S will automatically restart into the newly flashed system. If boot installation is on a TF card, power off, insert the boot TF card, and power on again.
For a more detailed installation guide, please refer to this link.

5 Work with FriendlyWrt

5.1 Introduction to FriendlyWrt

FriendlyWrt is a customized system made by FriendlyElec based on an OpenWrt distribution. It is open source and well suitable for developing IoT applications, NAS applications etc.

5.2 First boot

For the first boot, the system needs to do the following initialization work：
1）Extended root file system
2）Initial setup（will execute /root/setup.sh)
So you need to wait for a while (about 2~3 minutes) to boot up for the first time, and then set FriendlyWrt, you can enter the ttyd terminal on the openwrt webpage, when the prompt is displayed as root@FriendlyWrt, it means the system has been initialized.

root@FriendlyWrt

5.3 Account & Password

The default password is password (empty password in some versions). Please set or change a safer password for web login and ssh login. It is recommended to complete this setting before connecting NanoPi-R5S to the Internet.

5.4 Login FriendlyWrt

Connect the PC to the LAN port of NanoPi-R5S. If your PC without a built-in ethernet port, connect the LAN port of the wireless AP to the LAN port of NanoPi-R5S, and then connect your PC to the wireless AP via WiFi , Enter the following URL on your PC's browser to access the admin page:

http://friendlywrt/
http://192.168.2.1/
http://[fd00:ab:cd::1]

The above is the LAN port address of NanoPi-R5S. The IP address of the WAN port will be dynamically obtained from your main router through DHCP.

5.5 Recommended security settings

The following settings are highly recommended to complete before connecting NanoPi-R5S to the Internet。

Set a secure password
Only allow access to ssh from lan, change the port
Check the firewall settings

Set up as you wish.

5.6 Change LAN IP in LuCI

1) Click on Network → Interfaces, then click on the Edit button of the LAN Network;
2) In General Setup tab, input new IP address (for example: 192.168.11.1), click "Save" and then click "Save & Apply";
3) On the pop-up window with the title “Connectivity change“, click "Apply and revert on connectivity loss";
4) Wait a moment, enter the new address in your computer's browser and login to FriendlyWrt;

5.7 Safe shutdown operation

Enter the "Services" -> "Terminal", enter the "poweroff" command and hit enter, wait until the led light is off, and then unplug the power supply.

5.8 Soft Factory Reset

Enter "System"->"Backup/Flash firmware"，Click “Perform reset“ Button, Your device's settings will be reset to defaults like when FriendlyWrt was first installed.
You can also do this in the terminal:

firstboot && reboot

5.9 Install Software Packages

5.9.1 Set up openwrt official opkg source

sed -i -e 's/mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/downloads.openwrt.org/g' /etc/opkg/distfeeds.conf
opkg update

5.9.2 Update Package List

Before install software packages update the package list:

$ opkg update

5.9.3 List Available Packages

$ opkg list

5.9.4 List Installed Packages

$ opkg list-installed

5.9.5 Install Packages

$ opkg install <package names>

5.9.6 Remove Packages

$ opkg remove <package names>

5.10 Disable IPv6

. /root/setup.sh
disable_ipv6
reboot

5.11 Configuring Quectel EC20 (4G module) dial-up networking

Go to "Network" -> "Interfaces"
Click "Delete" next to "WAN6", then click "Save & Apply"
Click "Edit" next to "WAN", in the "Device" drop-down menu, select "Ethernet Adapter: wwan0", in the "Protocol" drop-down menu, select "QMI Cellular" and click "Switch Protocol"
Click the "Modem Device" drop-down menu, select "/dev/cdc-wdm0", fill in the APN information (e.g. for China Mobile, enter "cmnet")
Click "Save" to close the dialog, Finally, click "Save & Apply" at the bottom of the page to initiate the dial-up process
Devices connected to LAN will have access to the Internet, If your device has a WiFi module, you can enable wireless AP functionality on the "Wireless" page and connect to the Internet via devices connected wirelessly

5.12 Some common issues of FriendlyWrt

Unable to dial up
- Go to "Network" -> "Firewall" and set "Inbound Data", "Outbound Data" and "Forwarding" in "WAN Zone" to "Accept";
- If you still cannot access the Internet, you can try to turn off IPV6;
Dial-up successful, but no outgoing traffic
- Go to "Services" -> "Terminal" and type "fw4 reload" to try to reload the firewall settings again;
Unable to power on
- Try to replace the power adapter and cable. It is recommended to use a power supply with specifications above 5V/2A;
- Note that some fast chargers with Type-C interface will have a delay, it may take a few seconds to start providing power;
When doing secondary routing, the computer cannot connect to the Internet
- If your main network is IPv4, and NanoPi-R5S works in IPv6, the computer may not be able to connect to the Internet. It is recommended to turn off IPv6 (the method is described later in this WiKi), or switch the main route to IPv6;
If you have questions or have better suggestions, please send an email to techsupport@friendlyarm.com;

5.13 Use USB2LCD to view IP and temperature

Plug the USB2LCD module to the USB interface ofNanoPi-R5S and power on, the IP address and CPU temperature will be displayed on the LCD:

5.14 How to use USB WiFi

5.14.1 Check USB WiFi Device with Command Line Utility

(1) Click on "services>ttyd" to start the command line utility

(2) Make sure no USB devices are connected to your board and run the following command to check if any USB devices are connected or not

lsusb

(3) Connect a USB WiFi device to the board and run the command again

lsusb

You will see a new device is detected. In our test the device's ID was 0BDA:C811

(4) Type your device's ID (in our case it was "0BDA:C811" or "VID_0BDA&PID_C811") in a search engine and you may find a device that matches the ID. In our case the device we got was Realtek 8811CU.

5.14.2 Configure a USB WiFi Device as AP

(1) Connect a USB WiFi device to the NanoPi-R5S. We recommend you to use the following devices:

Note: devices that match these VID&PIDs would most likely work.
(2) Click on "System>Reboot" and reboot your NanoPi-R5S

(3) Click on "Network>Wireless" to enter the WiFi configuration page

(4) Click on "Edit" to edit the configuration

(5) On the "Interface Configuration" page you can set the WiFi mode and SSID, and then go to "Wireless Security" to change the password. By default the password is "password". After you make your changes click on "Save" to save

(6) After you change the settings you can use a smartphone or PC to search for WiFi

5.14.3 Common USB WiFi issues

1) It is recommended to plug in the usb wifi in the off state, then power it on, FriendlyWrt will automatically generate the configuration file /etc/config/wireless, if not, see if there is wlan0 by ifconfig -a, if there is no wlan0, usually there is no driver.
2) If ifconfig -a sees wlan0, but the hotspot is not working properly, try changing the channel and country code, an inappropriate country code can also cause the WiFi to not work.
3) Some USB WiFis (e.g. MTK MT7662) work in CD-ROM mode by default and need to be switched by usb_modeswitch, you can try to add usb_modeswitch configuration to the following directory: /etc/usb_modeswitch.d.

5.14.4 Change the default WiFi hotspot configuration

FriendlyWrt sets the country, hotspot name and other parameters for USB WiFi by default, with the aim of being as plug-and-play as possible, but this does not guarantee that all modules will be compatible with this setting, you can change these behaviors by modifying the following file：

/lib/wifi/mac80211.sh

5.15 Work with Docker Applications

5.15.1 Work with Docker: Install JellyFin

mkdir -p /jellyfin/config
mkdir -p /jellyfin/videos
docker run --restart=always -d -p 8096:8096 -v /jellyfin/config:/config -v /jellyfin/videos:/videos jellyfin/jellyfin:10.1.0-arm64 -name myjellyfin

After installation, visit port 8096 and here is what you would find:

5.15.2 Work with Docker: Install Personal Nextcloud

mkdir /nextcloud -p
docker run -d -p 8888:80  --name nextcloud  -v /nextcloud/:/var/www/html/ --restart=always --privileged=true  arm64v8/nextcloud

After installtion, visit port 8888.

5.15.3 Expand Docker Storage

Stop docker service first:

/etc/init.d/dockerd stop

Rename the original /opt directory, create an empty /opt directory:

mv /opt /opt-old && mkdir /opt

Format your drive as ext4, and mount it to the /opt directory:

Enter the command "mount | grep /opt" to check the mount status:

root@FriendlyWrt:~# mount | grep /opt
/dev/nvme0n1p1 on /opt type ext4 (rw,relatime)
root@FriendlyWrt:~#

Copy the files from the original /opt directory to the new /opt directory:

cp -af /opt-old/* /opt/ && rm -rf /opt-old

Reboot the device

reboot

After reboot, go to the "Docker" -> "Overview" page, check the information in the "Docker Root Dir" line, you can see that the Docker space has been expanded:

5.15.4 Docker FAQ and solutions

5.15.4.1 Unable to access the network services provided by the Docker container

Solution:

Go to the "Firewall" settings and set "Forwarding" to "Accept";
Turn off "Software Offload";

5.16 Mount smbfs

mount -t cifs //192.168.1.10/shared /movie -o username=xxx,password=yyy,file_mode=0644

5.17 Use sdk to compile the package

5.17.1 Install the compilation environment

Download and run the following script on 64-bit Ubuntu (version 18.04+): How to setup the Compiling Environment on Ubuntu bionic

5.17.2 Download and decompress sdk from the network disk

The sdk is located in the toolchain directory of the network disk:

tar xvf openwrt-sdk-*-rockchip-armv8_gcc-11.2.0_musl.Linux-x86_64.tar.xz
# If the path is too long, it will cause some package compilation errors, so change the directory name here
mv openwrt-sdk-*-rockchip-armv8_gcc-11.2.0_musl.Linux-x86_64 sdk
cd sdk
./scripts/feeds update -a
./scripts/feeds install -a

5.17.3 Compile the package

download the source code of the example (a total of 3 examples are example1, example2, example3), and copy to the package directory:

git clone https://github.com/mwarning/openwrt-examples.git
cp -rf openwrt-examples/example* package/
rm -rf openwrt-examples/

Then enter the configuration menu through the following command:

make menuconfig

In the menu, select the following packages we want to compile (actually selected by default):

"Utilities" => "example1"
"Utilities" => "example3"
"Network" => "VPN" => "example2"

execute the following commands to compile the three software packages:

make package/example1/compile V=99
make package/example2/compile V=99
make package/example3/compile V=99

After the compilation is successful, you can find the ipk file in the bin directory, as shown below:

$ find ./bin -name example*.ipk
./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/example3_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/example1_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/example2_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk

5.17.4 Install the ipk to NanoPi

You can use the scp command to upload the ipk file to NanoPi:

cd ./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/
scp example*.ipk root@192.168.2.1:/root/

Then use the opkg command to install them:

cd /root/
opkg install example3_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
opkg install example1_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
opkg install example2_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk

5.18 Build FriendlyWrt using GitHub Actions

Please refre this link: https://github.com/friendlyarm/Actions-FriendlyWrt

6 Work with FriendlyCore

6.1 FriendlyCore User Account

Non-root User:

   User Name: pi
   Password: pi

Root:

   User Name: root
   Password: fa

6.2 Update Software Packages

$ sudo apt-get update

6.3 Setup Network Configurations

6.3.1 Set static IP address

By default "eth0" is assigned an IP address obtained via dhcp. If you want to change the setting you need to change the following file:

vi /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0

For example if you want to assign a static IP to it you can run the following commands:

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
    address 192.168.1.231
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    gateway 192.168.1.1

The other two ethernet ports are set up with static IP addresses, as follows:
eth1: 192.168.2.1
eth2: 192.168.3.1 (Note: if there are three network ports)

6.3.2 Set a DNS

You also need to modify the following file to add the DNS configuration:

vi /etc/systemd/resolved.conf

For example, set to 192.168.1.1:

[Resolve]
DNS=192.168.1.1

Restart the systemd-resolved service with the following command:

sudo systemctl restart systemd-resolved.service
sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved.service

6.3.3 Set up to use another network interface

To change the setting of "eth1" you can add a new file similar to eth0's configuration file under the /etc/network/interfaces.d/ directory.

6.4 Setup Wi-Fi

First, use the following command to check if Network-Manager is installed on your system:

which nmcli

If you have installed it, refer to this link to connect to WiFi: Use NetworkManager to configure network settings, If you do not have Network-Manager installed on your system, please refer to the following method to configure WiFi,
By default the WiFi device is "wlan0". You need to create a configuration file under "/etc/network/interfaces.d/" for WiFi:

vi /etc/network/interfaces.d/wlan0

Here is a sample wlan0 file:

auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet dhcp
wpa-driver wext
wpa-ssid YourWiFiESSID
wpa-ap-scan 1
wpa-proto RSN
wpa-pairwise CCMP
wpa-group CCMP
wpa-key-mgmt WPA-PSK
wpa-psk YourWiFiPassword

Please replace "YourWiFiESSID" and "YourWiFiPassword" with your WiFiESSID and password. After save and close the file you can connect to your WiFi source by running the following command:

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart networking

After you power on your board it will automatically connect to your WiFi source.
Please note that if you use one TF card to boot multiple boards the WiFi device name will likely be named to "wlan1", "wlan2" and etc. You can reset it to "wlan0" by deleting the contents of the following file and reboot your board: /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules

6.4.1 WiFi models supported

6.4.1.1 M.2 WiFi Module

RTL8822CE

6.4.1.2 Usb Dongle

RTL8821CU (Vid: 0BDA, Pid: C811) (Test sample:TP-Link TL-WDN5200H)
RTL8812AU (Vid: 0BDA, Pid: 8812)
MediaTek MT7662 (Vid: 0E8D, Pid: 7612) (Test sample:COMFAST CF-WU782AC V2)

6.5 Install the kernel-header package

sudo dpkg -i /opt/archives/linux-headers-*.deb

6.6 Config status LEDs

First determine whether the system already exists the leds initialization service:

sudo systemctl status leds

If the leds service already exists, change the default behavior of the LEDs by editing the following file:

/etc/init.d/leds.sh

Since there is no leds service in the early firmware, you need to refer to the following guide to manually configure the LEDs. First, set the following kernel modules to be automatically loaded at boot:

modprobe ledtrig-netdev
echo ledtrig-netdev > /etc/modules-load.d/ledtrig-netdev.conf

Put the following into the autorun script to associate the status leds with the ethernet interface, and you can configure it to behave in other ways by referring to these content:

echo netdev > /sys/class/leds/wan_led/trigger
echo eth0 > /sys/class/leds/wan_led/device_name
echo 1 > /sys/class/leds/wan_led/link
 
echo netdev > /sys/class/leds/lan1_led/trigger
echo eth1 > /sys/class/leds/lan1_led/device_name
echo 1 > /sys/class/leds/lan1_led/link
 
echo netdev > /sys/class/leds/lan2_led/trigger
echo eth2 > /sys/class/leds/lan2_led/device_name
echo 1 > /sys/class/leds/lan2_led/link

6.7 Delete Qt5 and related files

Execute the following commands：

su root
cd /
rm -rf usr/local/Trolltech/Qt-5.10.0-rk64one usr/local/Trolltech/Qt-5.10.0-rk64one-sdk usr/bin/setqt5env* usr/bin/qt5demo etc/qt5
rm -rf opt/{qt5-browser,Qt5_CinematicExperience,qt5-multi-screen-demo,qt5-nmapper,qt5-player,qt5-smarthome,QtE-Demo,qt5-qml-image-viewer,dual-camera}

7 Work with Android

Android include the following features:

There are two versions, TV and Tablet;
Support infrared remote control (only for models with Ir Receiver);
Support Bluetooth remote control (requires USB or M.2 Bluetooth module);
Support wired network;
Support WiFi (requires external USB or M.2 WIFI module);
Support video hard decoding;

7.1 WiFi models supported by Android

7.1.1 M.2 WiFi Module

RTL8822CE

7.1.1.1 Usb Dongle

RTL8821CU (Vid: 0BDA, Pid: C811) (Test sample:TP-Link TL-WDN5200H)
RTL8812AU (Vid: 0BDA, Pid: 8812)
MediaTek MT7662 (Vid: 0E8D, Pid: 7612) (Test sample:COMFAST CF-WU782AC V2)

7.2 Bluetooch models supported by Android

7.2.1 Bluetooth Adapters

RTL8822CE
RTL8761B
CSR8510 A10 Bluetooth Dongle 0a12:0001

7.2.2 Bluetooth Remote

Amazon Fire TV Remote

7.3 How to use ADB

7.3.1 USB connection

Please note: After turning on the ADB, the USB3 port will work in Device mode, if you need to connect a device such as a USB stick, you need to turn off the ADB and restart the board
In general, ADB is disabled by default, please follow the steps below to enable it:

Connect your development board to your computer using a USB A-to-A data cable, referring to the figure below, be sure to connect it to the USB port closest to the edge:

7.3.2 For Android Tablet

Go to Settings -> About tablet -> tap the "Build number" at the bottom of the screen 7 times in a row;
Go to Settings -> System -> Advance -> Developer options, check USB-Debugging, and then reboot;
To use ADB over the network, you need to connect to WiFi first, then enable Wireless debugging. In the prompt "Allow wireless debugging on the network", select "Always allow on this network", and then click "Allow".

7.3.3 For Android TV

Click the Settings icon -> Device Preferences -> About -> tap the "Android TV OS build" at the bottom of the screen 7 times in a row;
Click the Settings icon -> Device Preferences -> Developer options, check USB-Debugging, and then reboot;
To use ADB over the network, on Android TV, which supports both WiFi and wired networks, enable network ADB by checking "Internet ADB" on the "Developer options" UI.

7.3.4 Using ADB

Install ADB drivers and commands based on your operating system;
Normally, the Android status bar will prompt "USB debugging connected", indicating that ADB has been enabled. Enter the following command on your computer to check the connection：

$ adb devices
List of devices attached
27f7a63caa3faf16	device

Enter adb shell:

$ adb shell
nanopi3:/ $

7.3.5 Using ADB over the network

On an Android Tablet, go to Settings -> System -> Advance -> Developer options, then click on Wireless debugging to view the IP address and port.
The default network ADB port for Android TV is 5555.

Assuming the IP address and port displayed on the Wireless debugging interface are 192.168.1.167:45055, the ADB commands are as follows:

To connect to the device:

$ adb connect 192.168.1.167:45055

connected to 192.168.1.167:45055

To enter ADB shell:

$ adb shell
nanopi3:/ $

If there are multiple devices, use the -s parameter to specify the device's IP and port, as shown below:

$ adb -s 192.168.1.167:45055 shell
nanopi3:/ $

7.4 How to Change Default Launcher in Android TV

Refer to the previous section to enable adb
For example, install the third-party launcher Emotn UI via APK, visit the website https://app.emotn.com/ui/ to download the APK, and then install it using ADB:

$ adb install com.oversea.aslauncher_1.0.9.0_5094.apk
Performing Streamed Install
Success

After the installation is complete, launch it, and then enter the following ADB command to obtain its package name:

$ adb shell dumpsys window | grep mCurrentFocus
mCurrentFocus=Window{7a950fb u0 com.oversea.aslauncher/com.oversea.aslauncher.ui.main.MainActivity}

As you can see, the package name of Emotn UI is com.oversea.aslauncher, set it as the default launcher:

$ adb shell pm set-home-activity com.oversea.aslauncher
Success

Then comes the critical step, you need to disable the native launcher using the following command:

$ adb shell pm disable-user --user 0 com.google.android.tvlauncher
Package com.google.android.tvlauncher new state: disabled-user

Finally, restart the device to see the effect, the device should boot directly into Emotn UI:

$ adb shell reboot

From now on, if you want to install another launcher, you can switch between them through the GUI. for example, after installing FLauncher, you can enter the following settings interface to set FLauncher as the default launcher: Settings -> Device Preferences -> Advanced setting -> Default Launcher:

7.5 Wired networks on Android

Any network port can connect to the network via DHCP
If you want to configure a static IP, only eth0 interface is supported
Some applications may have compatibility issues and report no network connection error, but the network is actually connected

7.6 EC20 4G LTE module on Android

EC20 support is disabled by default, you can check the status with the following command, if the EC20 is disabled, the number 1 will be displayed:

su
getprop persist.vendor.radio.no_modem_board

To enable EC20, use the following command (takes effect after a reboot):

su
setprop persist.vendor.radio.no_modem_board 0

8 Work with Debian11 Desktop

8.1 Introduction to Debian11 Desktop

Debian11 Desktop is a light-weighted debian desktop system，it has the following features：

Uses Xfce as default desktop;
Mali GPU-based OpenGL support;
Support Rockhip MPP video hard coding and hard decoding;
Pre-installed mpv and smplayer, both support 4K video hardware decoding;
Pre-installed Chromium browser, support vpu/gpu hardware acceleration (video hard decoding limited to h264/mp4 format);
Compatible with Plex Server and Docker;

8.2 Account & Password

Regular Account:
    User Name: pi
    Password: pi

Root:
    the root user account is disabled by default, you may configure the root password through the 'sudo passwd root' command.

8.3 View IP address

Since the Debian Bullseye hostname is the hardware model by default, you can use the ping command to get the IP address:ping NanoPi-R5S

8.4 Connect to Debian via SSH

Run the following commandssh pi@NanoPi-R5S
The default password is: pi

8.5 Update Software Packages

$ sudo apt-get update

8.6 Install x11vnc Server on Debian for Remote Access

8.6.1 Install x11vnc server

The following command to install x11vnc server:

sudo apt-get install x11vnc

8.6.2 Set your password

sudo x11vnc -storepasswd /etc/x11vnc.pwd

8.6.3 Setup x11vnc server with systemd auto start up

Create service configuration file:

sudo vi /lib/systemd/system/x11vnc.service

Let’s copy and paste the following configuration into our newly create service file:

[Unit]
Description=Start x11vnc at startup.
Requires=display-manager.service
After=syslog.target network-online.target
Wants=syslog.target network-online.target
 
[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/usr/bin/x11vnc -display :0 -forever -loop -noxdamage -repeat -rfbauth /etc/x11vnc.pwd -rfbport 5900 -shared -capslock -nomodtweak
ExecStop=/usr/bin/x11vnc -R stop
Restart=on-failure
 
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

The following commands to reload the systmd system and to enable and start the x11vnc service:

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable x11vnc.service
sudo systemctl start x11vnc

8.6.4 Testing remote access

Start the VNC client software, input IP:5900 to connect:

8.7 Install the kernel-header package

sudo dpkg -i /opt/archives/linux-headers-*.deb

try to compile a kernel module:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install git gcc make bc
git clone https://github.com/RinCat/RTL88x2BU-Linux-Driver.git
cd RTL88x2BU-Linux-Driver
make -j$(nproc)
sudo make install
sudo modprobe 88x2bu

8.8 Change time zone

8.8.1 Check the current time zone

timedatectl

8.8.2 List all available time zones

timedatectl list-timezones

8.8.3 Set the time zone (e.g. Shanghai)

sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai

8.9 Change startup LOGO and Wallpaper

8.9.1 Change startup LOGO

Replace the following two files in the kernel source code directory and recompile the kernel：
kernel/logo.bmp
kernel/logo_kernel.bmp
Or use the script to operate, as shown below：

Download scripts:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3568.git -b kernel-6.1.y --single-branch
cd sd-fuse_rk3568

Compile kernel and repackage firmware

convert files/logo.jpg -type truecolor /tmp/logo.bmp
convert files/logo.jpg -type truecolor /tmp/logo_kernel.bmp
sudo LOGO=/tmp/logo.bmp KERNEL_LOGO=/tmp/logo_kernel.bmp ./build-kernel.sh debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64
sudo ./mk-sd-image.sh debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64
sudo ./mk-emmc-image.sh debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64

Note: If your system is not debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64, please specify according to the actual situation

8.9.2 Change Wallpaper

Modify the following configuration file:

/home/pi/.config/xfce4/xfconf/xfce-perchannel-xml/xfce4-desktop.xml

8.10 Soft Factory Reset

Execute the following command in a terminal:

sudo firstboot && sudo reboot

8.11 Start the program automatically at startup(For example Kodi)

Put the desktop file in the ~/.config/autostart/ directory, for example：

mkdir ~/.config/autostart/
cp /usr/share/applications/kodi.desktop ~/.config/autostart/

8.12 Disable auto-mounting

sudo systemctl mask udisks2
sudo reboot

8.13 Setup Chinese language and Input method

8.13.1 Setup Chinese language

Enter the following command and select 'zh_CN.UTF-8':

sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales

Add environment variables to .bashrc:

echo "export LC_ALL=zh_CN.UTF-8" >> ~/.bashrc
echo "export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8" >> ~/.bashrc
echo "export LANGUAGE=zh_CN.UTF-8" >> ~/.bashrc

Reboot device:

sudo reboot

8.13.2 Installing Chinese input method

Enter the following command to install fcitx and Pinyin input method:

sudo apt update
sudo apt-get install fcitx fcitx-pinyin
sudo apt-get install im-config
sudo apt-get install fcitx-table*
sudo apt-get install fcitx-ui-classic fcitx-ui-light
sudo apt-get install fcitx-frontend-gtk2 fcitx-frontend-gtk3 fcitx-frontend-qt4
sudo apt-get remove --purge scim* ibus*
sudo reboot

After reboot, press Ctrl+Space to switch between Chinese and English input methods, and the input method icon will appear in the upper right corner, right-click the input method icon in the upper right corner to switch input methods in the pop-up menu, as shown below:

8.14 Installing Plex Multimedia Server

Visit the Plex website: https://www.plex.tv/media-server-downloads/
On the download page, select the category "Plex Media Server", choose "Linux" for the platform and "Ubuntu(16.04+)/Debian(8+) - ARMv8" for the version,
After downloading the deb package, use the dpkg command to install the package:

sudo dpkg -i plexmediaserver_1.31.0.6654-02189b09f_arm64.deb

After installation, login to the Plex server by typing the following URL into your computer browser: http://IP地址:32400/web/

8.15 Install Docker on Debian

Please refer to: How to Install Docker on Debian

8.16 How to test NPU

Please refer to: NPU

8.17 How to test VPU

Please refer to: VPU

8.18 WiFi Connection

8.18.1 Gui

Click on the icon on the top right in the Debian's main window, select your wanted WiFi hotspot and proceed with prompts

8.18.2 Console

Please visit: Use NetworkManager to configure network settings

8.19 Cancel auto-login

Edit file:

sudo vim /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf

Comment out the following two lines (insert # in front of them):

autologin-user=pi
autologin-user-timeout=0

8.20 Test OpenGL ES

You can test it by clicking on the Terminator icon to start a commandline utility in the System Tools and run the following commands:

glmark2-es2

8.21 HDMI/DP LCD Resolution

Open the system's menu and go to Settings -> Display to customize your settings.

8.22 HiDPI and display scaling

Xfce supports HiDPI scaling which can be enabled using the settings manager: Go to Settings Manager > Appearance > Settings > Window Scaling and select 2 as the scaling factor.
Or Edit this file: ~/.config/xfce4/xfconf/xfce-perchannel-xml/xsettings.xml

8.23 Adjust HDMI overscan

Open the command line terminal and enter the command to operate, Note:
1) You need to login to the desktop;
2) If you are using ssh terminal, please use the same username as the desktop login. The default is pi. You cannot use the root user. you also need to assign the DISPLAY variable:

export DISPLAY=:0.0

8.23.1 Query which resolutions the display supports

xrandr -q

8.23.2 Set resolution

For example set to 1920X1080@60Hz:

xrandr --output HDMI-1 --mode 1920x1080 --refresh 60

8.23.3 Adjust the HDMI overscan

For example, the transformation scaling horizontal coordinates by 0.8, vertical coordinates by 1.04 and moving the screen by 35 pixels right and 19 pixels down:

xrandr --output HDMI-1 --transform 0.80,0,-35,0,1.04,-19,0,0,1

8.23.4 Automatic adjustment at boot

Edit ~/.config/autostart/lxrandr-autostart.desktop，Write the full xrandr command to the key at the beginning of "Exec= as shown below：

[Desktop Entry]
Type=Application
Name=LXRandR autostart
Comment=Start xrandr with settings done in LXRandR
Exec=sh -c 'xrandr --output HDMI-1 --mode 1920x1080 --refresh 50 --transform 1.04,0,-35,0,1.05,-30,0,0,1'

8.24 Chromium web browser

8.24.1 GPU

Chromium web browser has enabled hardware acceleration by default, supports WebGL, and can view hardware acceleration details by entering the URL chrome://gpu, as shown below:

8.24.2 VPU

Play a video in the browser, then use fuser on the command line to view the mpp device node to confirm that the vpu interface is being called:

pi@FriendlyElec:~$ fuser /dev/mpp_service
/dev/mpp_service:     3258

If there is no content output from the fuser command, it means software decoding.

8.25 Test hardware encoding

mpi_enc_test -w 1920 -h 1080 -t 7 -f 0 -o test.h264 -n 300
export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/0
ffplay test.h264

8.25.1 Check Supported Hardware Decoding Formats

Enter about://gpu in your browser's address bar and scroll to the bottom of the page to view the "Video Acceleration Information" table.
After playing a video, enter about://media-internals in your browser's address bar to check if hardware decoding was enabled for the most recent playback.

9 Work with Debian10 Desktop

Refer to：
- Debian Buster

10 Buildroot Linux

Buildroot is a simple, efficient and easy-to-use tool to generate embedded Linux systems through cross-compilation. It contains a boot-loader, kernel, rootfs, various libraries and utilities(e.g. qt, gstreamer, busybox etc).

FriendlyELEC's Buildroot is based on Rockchip's version which is made with linux-sdk and maintained with git. FriendlyELEC's version is synced with Rockchip's version;

Rockchip's Buildroot: https://github.com/rockchip-linux/buildroot
Buildroot's official site: https://buildroot.org

For a more detailed description of the Buildroot system, please refer to: Buildroot

11 How to Compile

11.1 Setup Development Environment

11.1.1 Method 1: Using docker to cross-compile

Please refre to docker-cross-compiler-novnc

11.1.2 Method 2: Setup build environment on the host machine

11.1.2.1 Install required packages

Install and run requirements ubuntu 20.04, install required packages using the following commands:

sudo apt-get -y update
sudo apt-get install -y sudo curl
sudo bash -c \
  "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/friendlyarm/build-env-on-ubuntu-bionic/master/install.sh)"

The following cross-compilers will be installed:

Version	Architecture	Compiler path	Purpose
4.9.3	armhf	/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/4.9.3	Can be used to build 32-bit ARM applications
6.4	aarch64	/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/6.4-aarch64	Can be used to build kernel 4.4
11.3	aarch64	/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64	Can be used to build kernel 4.19 or higher and U-Boot

11.1.2.2 Setting the compiler path

Based on the table in the previous section, select the appropriate version of the compiler and add the compiler's path to PATH. For example, if you want to use the 11.3 cross-compiler, edit ~/.bashrc using vi and add the following content to the end:

export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/bin:$PATH
export GCC_COLORS=auto

Run the ~/.bashrc script to make it effective in the current commandline. Note: there is a space after ".":

. ~/.bashrc

To verify if the installation was successful：

$ aarch64-linux-gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=aarch64-linux-gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/libexec/gcc/aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu/11.3.0/lto-wrapper
Target: aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu
Configured with: /home/cross/arm64/src/gcc/configure --build=x86_64-build_pc-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-build_pc-linux-gnu --target=aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu --prefix=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64 --exec_prefix=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64 --with-sysroot=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu/sysroot --enable-languages=c,c++ --enable-fix-cortex-a53-843419 --with-arch=armv8-a+crypto+crc --with-cpu=cortex-a53 --with-pkgversion=ctng-1.25.0-119g-FA --with-bugurl=http://www.friendlyelec.com/ --enable-objc-gc --enable-__cxa_atexit --disable-libmudflap --disable-libgomp --disable-libssp --disable-libquadmath --disable-libquadmath-support --disable-libsanitizer --disable-libmpx --with-gmp=/home/cross/arm64/buildtools --with-mpfr=/home/cross/arm64/buildtools --with-mpc=/home/cross/arm64/buildtools --with-isl=/home/cross/arm64/buildtools --enable-lto --enable-threads=posix --disable-libstdcxx-pch --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-indirect-function --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-default-pie --enable-linker-build-id --with-linker-hash-style=gnu --enable-plugin --enable-gold --with-libintl-prefix=/home/cross/arm64/buildtools --disable-multilib --with-local-prefix=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu/sysroot --enable-long-long --enable-checking=release --enable-link-serialization=2
Thread model: posix
Supported LTO compression algorithms: zlib
gcc version 11.3.0 (ctng-1.25.0-119g-FA)

11.2 Build Openwrt/Friendlywrt

11.2.1 Download Code

Two versions are available, please choose as required:

11.2.1.1 FriendlyWrt 24.10

mkdir friendlywrt24-rk3568
cd friendlywrt24-rk3568
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/repo --depth 1 tools
tools/repo init -u https://github.com/friendlyarm/friendlywrt_manifests -b master-v24.10 \
        -m rk3568.xml --repo-url=https://github.com/friendlyarm/repo  --no-clone-bundle
tools/repo sync -c  --no-clone-bundle

11.2.1.2 FriendlyWrt 23.05

mkdir friendlywrt23-rk3568
cd friendlywrt23-rk3568
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/repo --depth 1 tools
tools/repo init -u https://github.com/friendlyarm/friendlywrt_manifests -b master-v23.05 \
        -m rk3568.xml --repo-url=https://github.com/friendlyarm/repo  --no-clone-bundle
tools/repo sync -c  --no-clone-bundle

11.2.2 First compilation step

./build.sh rk3568.mk  # or rk3568-docker.mk

All the components (including u-boot, kernel, and friendlywrt) are compiled and the sd card image will be generated, then execute the following command to generate the image file for installing the system into the emmc:

./build.sh emmc-img

After making changes to the project, the sd card image needs to be repackaged by running the following command:

./build.sh sd-img

11.2.3 Secondary compilation steps

cd friendlywrt
make menuconfig
rm -rf ./tmp
make -j${nproc}
cd ../
./build.sh sd-img
./build.sh emmc-img

11.2.4 Build u-boot only

./build.sh uboot

11.2.5 Build kernel only

./build.sh kernel

11.2.6 Build friendlywrt only

./build.sh friendlywrt

Or go to the friendlywrt directory and follow the standard openwrt commands. If you get an error with the above command, try using the following command to compile in a single thread:

cd friendlywrt
make -j1 V=s

11.3 Build Buildroot

please refer to: Buildroot

11.4 Build Other Linux

11.4.1 Kernel and u-boot versions

Operating System	Kernel Version	U-boot version	Cross-compiler	Partition type	Packaging Tool	Kernel branch	Kernel configuration	U-boot branch	U-boot configuration
buildroot	linux v5.10.y	u-boot v2017.09	11.3-aarch64	GPT	sd-fuse	nanopi5-v5.10.y_opt	nanopi5_linux_defconfig	nanopi5-v2017.09	nanopi5_defconfig
openmediavault-arm64	linux v6.1.y			GPT	sd-fuse	nanopi6-v6.1.y	nanopi5_linux_defconfig
friendlycore-focal-arm64				GPT
debian-bookworm-core-arm64
debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64
debian-bullseye-minimal-arm64
ubuntu-focal-desktop-arm64
friendlywrt21							nanopi5_linux_defconfig friendlywrt.config
friendlywrt21-docker
friendlywrt23
friendlywrt23-docker

Kernel git repo：https://github.com/friendlyarm/kernel-rockchip
U-boot git repo：https://github.com/friendlyarm/uboot-rockchip
The cross-compile toolchain is located in the path: /opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/
The sd-fuse is a helper script to make bootable SD card image.

11.4.2 Build kernel linux-v6.1.y

Clone the repository to your local drive then build:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/kernel-rockchip --single-branch --depth 1 -b nanopi6-v6.1.y kernel-rockchip
cd kernel-rockchip
export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/bin/:$PATH
touch .scmversion
# Configuring the Kernel
# Load default configuration
make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 nanopi5_linux_defconfig
# Optionally, load configuration for FriendlyWrt
# make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 nanopi5_linux_defconfig friendlywrt.config
# Optionally, if you want to change the default kernel config
# make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 menuconfig
# Start building kernel
make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 nanopi5-images -j$(nproc)
# Start building kernel modules
mkdir -p out-modules && rm -rf out-modules/*
make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 INSTALL_MOD_PATH="$PWD/out-modules" modules -j$(nproc)
make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 INSTALL_MOD_PATH="$PWD/out-modules" modules_install
KERNEL_VER=$(make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 kernelrelease)
[ ! -f "$PWD/out-modules/lib/modules/${KERNEL_VER}/modules.dep" ] && depmod -b $PWD/out-modules -E Module.symvers -F System.map -w ${KERNEL_VER}
(cd $PWD/out-modules && find . -name \*.ko | xargs aarch64-linux-strip --strip-unneeded)

The generated files:

kernel.img	resource.img	~~boot.img This img is deprecated~~	The kernel modules are located in the out-modules directory

Run your build:
Please refre to #Running the build

11.4.3 Build u-boot v2017.09

Clone the repository to your local drive then build:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/rkbin --single-branch --depth 1 -b nanopi5
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/uboot-rockchip --single-branch --depth 1 -b nanopi5-v2017.09
export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/bin/:$PATH
cd uboot-rockchip/
./make.sh nanopi5

After the compilation, the following files will be generated:

uboot.img	rk356x_spl_loader_xx.yy.zzz.bin (aka MiniLoaderAll.bin)

Run your build:
Please refre to #Running the build

11.4.4 Running the build

11.4.4.1 Install to target board

RK3568 uses GPT partitions by default, you can use the dd command, but be careful to choose the right output device:

The SD/TF Card device node: /dev/mmcblk0
The eMMC device node: /dev/mmcblk2

Use the 'parted' command to view the partition layout:

parted /dev/mmcblk2 print

Sample outputs:

Model: MMC A3A551 (sd/mmc)
Disk /dev/mmcblk2: 31.0GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
 
Number  Start   End     Size    File system  Name      Flags
 1      8389kB  12.6MB  4194kB               uboot
 2      12.6MB  16.8MB  4194kB               misc
 3      16.8MB  21.0MB  4194kB               dtbo
 4      21.0MB  37.7MB  16.8MB               resource
 5      37.7MB  79.7MB  41.9MB               kernel
 6      79.7MB  113MB   33.6MB               boot
 7      113MB   147MB   33.6MB               recovery
 8      147MB   31.0GB  30.9GB  ext4         rootfs

as shown above, the resource partition is located at 4 and the kernel partition is located at 5. Use the dd command to write the resource.img and kernel.img files to these partitions, the commands are as follows:

dd if=resource.img of=/dev/mmcblk2p4 bs=1M
dd if=kernel.img of=/dev/mmcblk2p5 bs=1M

If you want to update u-boot:

dd if=uboot.img of=/dev/mmcblk2p1 bs=1M

To update new driver modules, copy the newly compiled driver modules to the appropriate directory under /lib/modules.

11.4.4.2 Packaging and creating an SD image

To create a new OS image file, you need to use the "sd-fuse" packaging tool.

"sd-fuse" is a collection of scripts that can be used to create bootable SD card images for FriendlyElec boards. Its main features include:

Creation of root filesystem images from a directory
Building of bootable SD card images
Simple compilation of kernel, U-Boot, and third-party drivers

Please click on the following link to find out more:

Kernel version	Packaging Tool
linux v6.1.y	sd-fuse_rk3568

11.4.4.3 USB flashing

11.4.4.3.1 Linux

Reboot the board and enter loader mode with the following command:

sudo reboot loader

To flash U-Boot and kernel using the "upgrade_tool_v2.17_for_linux" tool, please use the following command:

sudo upgrade_tool di -k kernel.img
sudo upgrade_tool di -re resource.img
sudo upgrade_tool di -u uboot.img
sudo upgrade_tool RD

Note: "upgrade_tool" is a command-line tool provided by Rockchip for Linux operating systems (Linux_Upgrade_Tool).

11.5 Build the code using scripts

11.5.1 Download scripts and image files

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3568.git --single-branch -b kernel-6.1.y
cd sd-fuse_rk3568
tar xvzf /path/to/netdrive/03_Partition\ image\ files/friendlycore-focal-arm64-images.tgz

11.5.2 Compile the kernel

Download the kernel source code and compile it. the relevant image files in the friendlycore-focal-arm64 directory will be automatically updated, including the kernel modules in the file system:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/kernel-rockchip --depth 1 -b nanopi6-v6.1.y kernel-rk3568
KERNEL_SRC=$PWD/kernel-rk3568 ./build-kernel.sh friendlycore-focal-arm64

11.5.3 Compile the kernel headers

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/kernel-rockchip --depth 1 -b nanopi6-v6.1.y kernel-rk3568
MK_HEADERS_DEB=1 BUILD_THIRD_PARTY_DRIVER=0 KERNEL_SRC=$PWD/kernel-rk3568 ./build-kernel.sh friendlycore-focal-arm64

11.5.4 Compile the uboot

Download the uboot source code and compile it. the relevant image files in the friendlycore-focal-arm64 directory will be automatically updated:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/uboot-rockchip --depth 1 -b nanopi5-v2017.09
UBOOT_SRC=$PWD/uboot-rockchip ./build-uboot.sh friendlycore-focal-arm64

11.5.5 Generate new image

Repackage the image file in the friendlycore-focal-arm64 directory into sd card image:

./mk-sd-image.sh friendlycore-focal-arm64

After the command is completed, the image is in the out directory, you can use the dd command to make the SD boot card, for example:

dd if=out/rk3568-sd-friendlycore-focal-5.10-arm64-YYYYMMDD.img of=/dev/sdX bs=1M

11.6 Building AOSP from source

11.6.1 Hardware and Software Requirements

Your computer should have at least 16GB of RAM and 300GB of disk space. We recommend using a machine with 32GB of RAM and a large-capacity, high-speed SSD, and we do not recommend using virtual machines.
If you encounter compilation errors, they may be caused by problems with the compilation environment. We recommend using the following Docker container for compilation: docker-cross-compiler-novnc.

11.6.2 Download source from the netdrive

Netdisk URL: Click here
File location on netdisk："07_Source codes/rk35xx-android12-xxxxxxx-YYYYMMDD.tgz" (YYYYMMDD represents the date of the package, and xxxxxxx represents the final commit-id)
Unzip and fetch updates:

tar xzf '/path/to/netdisk/07_Source codes/rk35xx-android12-xxxxxxx-YYYYMMDD.tgz'
cd rk35xx-android12
git pull

11.6.3 Tablet profile build (First Build)

echo "ROCKCHIP_DEVICE_DIR := device/rockchip/rk356x/nanopi5" > .rockchip_device.mk
# export INSTALL_GAPPS_FOR_TESTING=yes  # include google apps
. setenv.sh
./build.sh -FMu

11.6.4 TV profile build (First Build)

echo "ROCKCHIP_DEVICE_DIR := device/rockchip/rk356x/nanopi5_box" > .rockchip_device.mk
# export INSTALL_GAPPS_FOR_TESTING=yes  # include google apps
. setenv.sh
./build.sh -FMu

11.6.5 Second build

# export INSTALL_GAPPS_FOR_TESTING=yes  # include google apps
. setenv.sh
make
./build.sh -Mu

11.6.6 Running your AOSP build

After the Android compilation is completed, the image file will be stored in the rockdev/Image-aosp_nanopi3 subdirectory of the Android source code directory.

11.6.6.1 USB Flashing

Use the rockchip tool to flash the following file: rockdev/Image-aosp_nanopi3/update.img

11.6.6.2 SD-to-eMMC Flashing

Refer to the following steps：
1) Insert the SD card of the eflasher system into the host;
2) Copy the files in the rockdev/Image-aosp_nanopi3 directory to the android12 or androidtv directory in the FRIENDLYARM partition of the SD card:

sudo cp -af parameter.txt config.cfg MiniLoaderAll.bin uboot.img \
    dtbo.img vbmeta.img boot.img recovery.img \
    misc.img pcba_small_misc.img pcba_whole_misc.img \
    baseparameter.img super.img /media/$USER/FriendlyARM/android12

3) Insert the SD card into NanoPi-R5S and re-flash;

11.6.7 Pack the new SD Image

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3568.git
SDFUSE=$PWD/sd-fuse_rk3568
mkdir $SDFUSE/android12
 
cd /path/to/rk35xx-android12/rockdev/Image-aosp_nanopi3
cp -af parameter.txt config.cfg MiniLoaderAll.bin uboot.img \
    dtbo.img vbmeta.img boot.img recovery.img \
    misc.img pcba_small_misc.img pcba_whole_misc.img \
    baseparameter.img super.img $SDFUSE/android12
 
cd $SDFUSE/
./mk-sd-image.sh android12
 
tar xvzf /path/to/netdrive/03_Partition\ image\ files/emmc-flasher-images.tgz
./mk-emmc-image.sh android12

For more information, please refer to #Packaging and creating an SD image

12 Using On-Board Hardware Resources

12.1 Using VPU

Please refer to NPU

12.2 Using NPU

Please refer to NPU

12.3 DTS files

Please refer to DTS files

13 Backup rootfs and create custom SD image (to burn your application into other boards)

13.1 Backup rootfs

Run the following commands on your target board. These commands will back up the entire root partition:

sudo passwd root
su root
cd /
tar --warning=no-file-changed -cvpzf /rootfs.tar.gz \
    --exclude=/rootfs.tar.gz --exclude=/var/lib/docker/runtimes \
    --exclude=/etc/firstuser --exclude=/etc/friendlyelec-release \
    --exclude=/usr/local/first_boot_flag --one-file-system /

Note: if there is a mounted directory on the system, an error message will appear at the end, which can be ignored.

13.2 Making a bootable SD card from a root filesystem

Run the following script on your Linux PC host, we'll only mention "debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64 os" for brevity, but you can apply the same process for every linux OS.

su root
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3568 --single-branch -b kernel-6.1.y
cd sd-fuse_rk3568
tar xvzf /path/to/netdrive/03_Partition\ image\ files/debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64-images.tgz
tar xvzf /path/to/netdrive/03_Partition\ image\ files/emmc-eflasher-images.tgz
scp pi@BOARDIP:/rootfs.tar.gz /rootfs.tar.gz
mkdir rootfs
tar xvzfp rootfs.tar.gz -C rootfs --numeric-owner --same-owner
./build-rootfs-img.sh rootfs debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64
./mk-sd-image.sh debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64
./mk-emmc-image.sh debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64 autostart=yes

14 Connect NVME SSD High Speed Hard Disk

14.1 Detection of SSD

root@FriendlyELEC:~# cat /proc/partitions 
major minor  #blocks  name
   1        0       4096 ram0
 259        0  125034840 nvme0n1

If there is a nvme0n1 device node it means an SSD is recognized.

14.2 Partition of SSD

To mount an SSD under Linux we re-partition it as one section by running the following command:

(echo g; echo n; echo p; echo 1; echo ""; echo ""; echo w; echo q) | fdisk /dev/nvme0n1

If you want to re-partition it to multiple sections you can run "fdisk /dev/nvme0n1". For more detail about this command refer to the fdisk's manual.

14.3 Format Section to EXT4

After an SSD is successfully partitioned you can check its sections by running "cat /proc/partitions". The /dev/nvme0n1p1 section is used to store data:

root@FriendlyELEC:~# cat /proc/partitions
major minor  #blocks  name
 
   1        0       4096 ram0
 259        0  125034840 nvme0n1
 259        2  125033816 nvme0n1p1

The following command formats a section to ext4:

mkfs.ext4 /dev/nvme0n1p1

14.4 Auto Mount SSD on System Startup

Before we mount an SSD's section you need to know its Block ID. You can check it by running "blkid":

blkid /dev/nvme0n1p1
/dev/nvme0n1p1: UUID="d15c4bbf-a6c3-486f-8f81-35a8dbd46057" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="887628f0-01"

Add a "Block ID" to "/etc/fstab" and here is what it looks like

UUID=<Block ID> /media/nvme ext4 defaults 0 0

You need to replace <Block ID> with the UUID obtained by running "blkid". To mount the SSD in our example we made the "/etc/fstab" file as follows:

UUID=d15c4bbf-a6c3-486f-8f81-35a8dbd46057 /media/nvme ext4 defaults 0 0

We want to mount an SSD to "/media/nvme" but this directory doesn't exist. Therefore we create it and change its access right by running the following commands:

mkdir -p /media/nvme
chmod 777 /media/nvme

Run "mount" to check if the SSD is mounted successfully:

mount /media/nvme

You can reboot your board to check if your SSD will be automatically mounted:

reboot

15 Common Linux-based operating system operations

15.1 Using ADB on Linux Systems

15.1.1 Enabling ADB in Buildroot System

Enable on Startup

mv /etc/init.d/K50usbdevice.sh /etc/init.d/S50usbdevice.sh
reboot

Enable Temporarily

usbdevice-wrapper start

15.1.2 Enabling ADB in Ubuntu and Debian Systems

Enable on Startup

sudo systemctl enable usbdevice
sudo reboot

Enable Temporarily

usbdevice-wrapper start

15.1.3 How to Connect

When using ADB, the port connected to the computer is the same as the USB flashing port.

15.2 Install Kernel Headers

To install the .deb file located in the /opt/archives directory:

sudo dpkg -i /opt/archives/linux-headers-*.deb

To download and update the kernel header files online:

wget http://112.124.9.243/archives/rk3568/linux-headers-$(uname -r)-latest.deb
sudo dpkg -i ./linux-headers-latest.deb

You can visit http://112.124.9.243/archives/rk3568 to see which kernel deb packages are available.

15.3 Update Kernel to Latest Version

This will update the kernel to the latest version and update the kernel and resource partitions, as well as the kernel modules:

wget http://112.124.9.243/archives/rk3568/linux-image-$(uname -r)-latest.deb
sudo dpkg -i ./linux-image-latest.deb
sudo reboot

15.4 Setting Kernel Boot Parameters (eMMC/UFS Only)

Flash the firmware file XXXX-eflasher-multiple-os-YYYYMMDD-30g.img.gz to a TF card, then insert the TF card into your computer. Windows will usually recognize the TF card partition automatically (formatted as exFAT). For Linux or Mac users, manually mount the first partition of the TF card. Assuming the TF card’s device name is /dev/sdX, mount /dev/sdX1.

Edit the info.conf configuration file in the OS directory on the TF card, adding the bootargs-ext parameter. For example:

bootargs-ext=rockchipdrm.fb_max_sz=2048

To remove a specified parameter, set it to empty. For example, to remove the userdata parameter:

bootargs-ext=userdata=

After editing, use this TF card to flash the system to eMMC/UFS Only.

To set kernel boot parameters during the creation of a mass production card, refer to the following script (example for RK3588): https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3588/blob/kernel-6.1.y/test/test-custom-bootargs.sh

16 Unbricking Method

If the ROM is not installed correctly, causing the development board to become bricked, and you might not have the opportunity to reinstall the ROM via an SD card, you need to enter Maskrom mode to unbrick it by erasing the storage device.

16.1 Windows Users

16.1.1 Download Required Files

Get the necessary tools: Visit here, find RKDevTool_v3.30_for_window.zip and DriverAssitant_v5.12.zip in the 05_Tools directory, and download them to your local machine.
Install Rockchip USB driver and RKDevTool: Extract DriverAssitant_v5.12.zip to install the Rockchip USB driver, and extract RKDevTool_v3.30_for_window.zip to obtain the Rockchip flashing tool RKDevTool.
Get the loader: Visit here, enter the tools directory corresponding to your CPU model, and download MiniLoaderAll.bin.

16.1.2 Enter Maskrom Mode to Erase the Storage Device

Remove the SD card, USB device, and other peripherals from the development board
Start RKDevTool on your computer.
Press and hold the “Mask” key, power on the board. After the status LED has been on for at least 3 seconds, release the Mask key
Use a USB A-to-A cable, connect NanoPi-R5S to a PC as follows

You will see Found One MASKROM Device displayed at the bottom of the RKDevTool interface, as shown below:

Click the Advanced Function tab in the RKDevTool interface.
In the Boot text box, select MiniLoaderAll.bin, then click the Download button.
Select EMMC, click Switch Storage, then click the EraseAll button to erase the eMMC.

(Optional): If your NanoPi-R5S has SPI Nor Flash, select SPINOR, click Switch Storage, then click the EraseAll button to erase the SPI Nor Flash.

At this point, NanoPi-R5S is restored to its initial state and can be normally booted via SD card or eMMC.

16.2 Linux Users

16.2.1 Download the Required Files

Get the necessary tools: Visit here and find upgrade_tool_v2.30_for_linux.tgz in the 05_Tools directory and download it locally.
Get the loader: Visit here, enter the tools directory corresponding to your CPU model, and download MiniLoaderAll.bin.

16.2.2 Installation for upgrade_tool

Using the following commands:

tar xzf upgrade_tool_v2.30_for_linux.tgz
cd upgrade_tool_v2.30_for_linux
sudo cp upgrade_tool /usr/local/sbin/
sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/sbin/upgrade_tool

16.2.3 Enter Maskrom Mode to Erase the Storage Device

Connect NanoPi-R5S to the computer using a USB data cable.
Disconnect the power from NanoPi-R5S, hold down the MASK button, connect the power, and release the button after 4 seconds.
Check the connection with the following command:

upgrade_tool LD

A result similar to "DevNo=1 Vid=0x2207,Pid=0x350b,LocationID=13 Mode=Maskrom SerialNo=" indicates that the device has been detected.

Erase the eMMC with the following command:

upgrade_tool EF MiniLoaderAll.bin

(Optional): If your NanoPi-R5S has SPI Nor Flash, erase the SPI Nor Flash with the following commands:

upgrade_tool DB MiniLoaderAll.bin
upgrade_tool SSD   # Select 5, SPINOR
dd if=/dev/zero of=zero.img bs=1M count=16   # For 16M NOR FLASH
upgrade_tool WL 0 zero.img

At this point, NanoPi-R5S has been restored to its initial state and can boot the system normally via SD card or eMMC.

16.3 Mac Users

Our tests found that upgrade_tool_v2.25 does not work properly on macOS. Therefore, we recommend using Windows or Linux unless an updated version of upgrade_tool becomes available.

17 Link to Rockchip Resources

Rockchip RK3568B2 Datasheet V2.0-20230926.pdf

18 Schematic, PCB CAD File

Schematic: NanoPi_R5S_2204_SCH.PDF
PCB CAD File：NanoPi_R5S_2204_DXF.zip

19 Update Logs

19.1 2025-05-21

Added Android 14 TV

19.2 2025-04-30

19.2.1 FriendlyWrt

Added configuration to load the NPU driver module
Added support for the RTL8851bu wireless adapter

19.3 2025-04-18

Added Android 14 Tablet

19.4 2025-03-24

19.4.1 FriendlyWrt

Fix insufficient inodes in the opt partition
Re-enable the eMMC-Tools for devices with over 1G memory when booting from eMMC

19.5 2025-02-28

19.5.1 FriendlyWrt

Updated to openwrt-24.10.0
Partition adjustment: Fixed the root partition size and added an independent partition to improve Docker storage performance. Data on this partition will be retained after a factory reset.

19.6 2025-01-23

19.6.1 Linux Kernel

Synchronized upstream kernel update to version 6.1.99
Updated rknpu driver to version v0.9.8 (Document: NPU)

19.6.2 Debian/Ubuntu/OpenMediaVault/ProxmoxVE

Updated Debian Bullseye system to linux-5.10-gen-rkr9 (including updates mpp, xserver, rkaiq, gstreamer-rockchip, rga2, libv4l-rkmpp, libmali, and related packages)
Updated Rockchip hardware-related packages for Ubuntu Focal Desktop system (same as Debian Bullseye)
Integrated hardware acceleration packages such as mpp, gstreamer, rknn, and libmali into the Core system without a desktop environment
Update Chromium to the new stable version (130) for Debian 11 and Ubuntu 20 systems

19.7 2024-11-12

Improved ramdisk and eflasher for more flexibility and reliability when installing the system on external storage

19.8 2024-10-16

19.8.1 New System

Added Proxmox VE system

19.8.2 Linux Kernel

KVM is enabled by default in the kernel

19.8.3 Linux System

Updated Buildroot system to linux-5.10-gen-rkr8
Updated Debian Bullseye system to linux-5.10-gen-rkr8 (updated packages such as mpp/xserver/rkaiq/gstreamer-rockchip/rga2/libv4l-rkmpp, etc.)
Updated Rockchip-related software packages in Ubuntu Focal Desktop system (same as Debian Bullseye)
Upgraded Chromium to the new version (stable version 129), improving performance by 50% compared to the previous version, with support for GPU acceleration and hardware video decoding, as well as HiDPI resolution
Updated FriendlyWrt to version openwrt-23.05.05

19.8.4 Others

Eflasher firmware flashing now supports selecting the target storage device, allowing the Linux system root partition to be installed on M.2 SSD or USB drive (but still requires eMMC/TF card for boot)
Eflasher can customize kernel boot parameters via configuration file
Updated ramdisk to support btrfs filesystem (can use sd-fuse_rk3568 to package btrfs firmware)
Updated ramdisk to improve compatibility for filesystem repair

19.9 2024-06-14

19.9.1 Android

Added support for PWM fan
Improved HDMI output compatibility
Added support for Intel RealSense Depth Camera, enable it by setting the CONFIG_USB_VIDEO_CLASS_REALSENSE option in the kernel
Updated support for Android video decoding

19.10 2024-06-06

19.10.1 Linux Kernel

Synchronize upstream kernel updates to 6.1.57.
Add support for NVMe hardware monitoring, temperature of NVMe devices can be viewed through the /sys/class/hwmon node.
Refactor rknpu (v0.9.3) as a module for easier updates or version changes.
Introduce a simple driver for querying input power voltage (node: /sys/class/power_supply/simple-vin/voltage_now).
Add support for Intel RealSense Depth Camera, enable it by configuring the kernel option CONFIG_USB_VIDEO_CLASS_REALSENSE.
Fixed the RGA3 issue.
Modified kernel LSM to add apparmor,selinux.

19.10.2 Debian11 Desktop

Synchronize upstream Debian version to linux-5.10-gen-rkr7.1.
Update core libraries such as libmali, mpp, rga2, npu, gstreamer, etc., to newer versions.
Update web browser Chromium to a new version.

19.10.3 Ubuntu Focal Desktop

Add support for multiple languages (including Chinese).
Fix potential issue of no display when connecting a screen after boot.
Update core libraries such as libmali, mpp, rga2, npu, gstreamer, etc., to newer versions.

19.10.4 Other

sd-fuse_rk3568 Support packaged image on arm64 platform

19.11 2024-04-21

19.11.1 OpenMediaVault

Update to 7.0.5-1
Update to Debian12

19.12 2024-03-15

19.12.1 Ubuntu focal desktop

Fix the bluetooth issue

19.13 2024-01-31

19.13.1 Debian/Ubuntu/FriendlyCore/Buildroot

Add adb support

19.13.2 Android 12 & Android TV

Add wifidisplay (no hdcp) support
Add Wi-Fi direct support for rtl8822ce and rtl8812au

19.13.3 FriendlyWrt

Add wireless repeater mode support for rtl8822ce

19.14 2023-12-23

19.14.1 Android 12 & Android TV

Fix the UsbCamera preview abnormal issue
Fix connection for ps5/dualshock controller
Improve support for non-16:9 resolutions in HDMI output
Update SDK to Rockchip Android 12.1 rkr14.2

19.14.2 FriendlyWrt

Fix an issue that unable to use eMMC tools for large-capacity eMMC

19.15 2023-12-01

19.15.1 FriendlyWrt

Update to openwrt-23.05.2

19.16 2023-11-13

19.16.1 Debian/Ubuntu/FriendlyCore

Updated npu driver to 0.9.2, fixed known issues

19.17 2023-10-31

19.17.1 Add a new system

Add NAS system OpenMediaVault, base on Debian 11 with kernel 6.1

19.17.2 Debian/Ubuntu/FriendlyCore

Update to kernel 6.1

19.17.3 FriendlyWrt

Update to kernel 6.1
Update to openwrt-23.05

19.18 2023-09-09

19.18.1 Android 12

Add hardware library support (Click to view details)
Add support for OTA and virtual A/B partitions

19.19 2023-08-15

Update buildroot to linux-5.10-gen-rkr5.1

19.20 2023-07-19

19.20.1 Ubuntu Focal Desktop

Add Ubuntu 20.04 desktop, with LXQT lightweight desktop

19.20.2 Debian/Ubuntu/Android

Fix RTL9210 enclosures slowdown issue

19.20.3 FriendlyCore

Fixed HDMI display issue

19.21 2023-07-01

19.21.1 Debian11

Update to rockchip bsp linux-5.10-gen-rkr5, improve xserver and video playback performance
Update kernel to 5.10.160
Fix some known issues

19.22 2023-06-25

19.22.1 Debian11

Update mpp/ffmpeg/gsteamer-rockchip/libv4l-rkmpp/libdrm-cursor packages

19.22.2 Android TV & Android 12

Update to rockchip android-12.1-mid-rkr14
Upgrade kernel to 5.10.160
Add support for MediaTek MT7921 wireless card (WiFi only)

19.23 2023-06-16

19.23.1 Debian11

Merge changes from upsteam version rockchip linux-5.10-gen-rkr4.1
Improved UI performance and video playback performance
Add support for MediaTek MT7921 wireless card
Fix some known issues

19.24 2023-06-09

19.24.1 FriendlyWrt

Add support for MediaTek MT7921 wireless card

19.25 2023-06-06

19.25.1 Android TV & Android 12

Auto expand storage space for SD boot

19.26 2023-06-02

19.26.1 Android TV

Fix home button issue

19.27 2023-05-26

19.27.1 Debian11

Optimized r8125 performance and stability

19.27.2 FriendlyWrt

Updated v22.03 to openwrt-22.03.5
Updated v21.02 to openwrt-21.02.7
Optimized r8125 performance and stability

19.28 2023-05-21

19.28.1 Debian11

Update to Rockchip sdk version linux-5.10-gen-rkr4
Switch desktop to LXDE

19.29 2023-05-15

19.29.1 FriendlyCore Focal

Add Qt 5.10 support

19.30 2023-05-05

19.30.1 Android

Add USB bluetooth dongle support (rtl8761bu)
Add M.2 RTL8822CE bluetooth support

19.31 2023-04-26

19.31.1 FriendlyWrt：

Upgrade v22.03 to openwrt-22.03.4
Upgrade v21.02 to openwrt-21.02.6

19.32 2023-03-24

Fix the issue that Android Tablet and Android TV cannot start

19.33 2023-02-10

19.33.1 Android update

First release android tv for rk3568
android support direct boot from sd card
Fix the problem that in some cases hdmi has no signal output and needs to be plugged in once to recover
Support enable adb function through android interface

19.33.2 Added Debian11

There are three versions:

Debian11 Core: Command-line only
Debian11 Minimal: With Xfce desktop, lite version
Debian11 Desktop: With Xfce desktop, full version

19.34 2023-01-09

19.34.1 Android：

Fixed the problem that Android12 could not run on NanoPi-R5C
Add support for USB WiFi module and M.2 WiFi module (Model: RTL8822CE/RTL8812AU/MediaTek MT7662)
Update SDK to Rockchip android-12.1-mid-rkr12

19.34.2 FriendlyCore：

optimized the systemd service

19.35 2022-12-04

19.35.1 FriendlyWrt：

Fix the issue that the storage space cannot be expanded
Improve stability of the eMMC Tools
Add support for NanoPi-R5C

19.36 2022-09-06

19.36.1 FriendlyWrt：

Added Fullcone NAT support
upgrade to 22.03.0

19.37 2022-08-03

19.37.1 FriendlyWrt：

Upgrade FriendlyWrt to the latest version 22.03-rc6

19.38 2022-07-27

19.38.1 FriendlyWrt：

Add NAS menu category
Add wg driver module
Tweak configuration, docker version and non-docker version have exactly the same features, the difference is only docker

19.39 2022-07-04

19.39.1 FriendlyWrt & FriendlyCore:

Improved pci-e stability

19.39.2 Debian 10(buster) Desktop (New)

Uses LXDE as default desktop
Pre-installed mpv, smplayer and chromium brower
Supports hardware acceleration

19.40 2022-06-22

19.40.1 FriendlyWrt：

Upgrade kernel to 5.10.110

19.41 2022-06-21

19.41.1 FriendlyWrt：

19.41.1.1 eMMC Tools

Add support for burning firmware packaged in rockchip firmware format
Add an eMMC erase action when burning firmware to enhance compatibility

19.42 2022-06-15

19.42.1 FriendlyCore：

eth1, eth2 ports initialized with static IPs 192.168.2.1, 192.168.3.1
Added interrupt settings for NICs

19.43 2022-06-14

19.43.1 FriendlyWrt：

Optimised network performance, fixed poor tx performance in previous version of software
Improved package compatibility
Add support for "Restore factory settings"
eMMC Tools adds checksum for gz format firmware files
FriendlyWrt official stable version 21.02.3 is available, version 22.03.0 is still available
Some other detailed adjustments: Set time zone to Shanghai by default, remove lcd2usb, improve security settings, tune sysctl parameters, fix docker firewall settings, etc.

19.44 2022-05-16

Initial Release