Difference between revisions of "NanoPi M2"

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==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
[[File:NanoPi M2-01B.jpg|thumb|Overview]]
+
[[File:NanoPi M2-1.jpg|thumb|frameless|300px|Overview]]
[[File:NanoPi M2-A01.jpg|thumb|Front]]
+
[[File:NanoPi M2-2.jpg|thumb|frameless|300px|Front]]
[[File:NanoPi M2-B01.jpg|thumb|Back]]
+
[[File:NanoPi M2-3.jpg|thumb|frameless|300px|Back]]
* The NanoPi M2 is a high performance ARM Board after the NanoPi 2 and NanoPi 2 Fire, developed by FriendlyARM for hobbysts, makers and hackers for IOT projects. It integrates Gbit Ethernet port, AXP228 power management unit and supports Android5.1 and Debian.
+
[[File:NanoPi M2-4.jpg|thumb|frameless|300px]]
* Its new style of design makes it smaller than the NanoPi 2 Fire but still keeps all the rich interfaces and ports the NanoPi 2 Fire has. Besides the standard HDMI, USB, audio and Gbit Ethernet it has a Raspberry Pi compatible 40 pin header and supports various video devices including I2C capacitive LCD and CMOS cameras. In addition it has a serial debug port
+
* The NanoPi M2 is another Samsung 4418 based ARM board released by FriendlyARM after the NanoPi 2 and NanoPi 2 Fire. It is only two thirds the size of the Raspberry Pi. It is open source. It works with Ubuntu Core, Ubuntu Mate, Debian, Android 5.1 and etc.
* Its support for Debian and Android makes it easily applied in various applications. Hardware wise it works with all the existing accessories, LCDs and sensor modules FriendlyARM has developed. Software wise it works with all the existing image files that the NanoPi 2 and NanoPi 2 Fire work with.
+
* Compared to the Raspberry Pi 2 the NanoPi M2 uses the Samsung Cortex-A9 S5P4418 Soc. It integrates Gbps Ethernet, AXP228 PMU which supports software power-on/off and wake up functions. It can be powered via the MicroUSB port
 +
* In such a small board it still integrates rich interfaces and ports. Besides the popular HDMI, 3.5mm audio jack, onboard microphone, four USB hosts and Gbit Ethernet it has a Raspberry Pi compatible 40 pin GPIO pin header and various video interfaces such as a DVP camera interface, an LCD interface which supports I2C capacitive LCD and etc. In addition, for user’s convenience it has a serial debug port for debugging and development.
  
==Features==
+
==Hardware Spec==
 
* CPU: S5P4418, 400Mhz~1.4GHz
 
* CPU: S5P4418, 400Mhz~1.4GHz
* PMU Power Management Unit: AXP228, support software power-off, sleep and wakeup functions
 
 
* DDR3 RAM: 32bit 1GB DDR3
 
* DDR3 RAM: 32bit 1GB DDR3
 
* MicroSD Slot x1
 
* MicroSD Slot x1
Line 29: Line 29:
 
* Power: DC 5V/2A
 
* Power: DC 5V/2A
 
* PCB Dimension(mm): 64 x 56, Six Layer
 
* PCB Dimension(mm): 64 x 56, Six Layer
* OS/Software: u-boot, Android5.1, Debian Jessie 8
+
* Temperature measuring range: -10℃ to 80℃
 +
* OS/Software: u-boot, Android5.1/4.4, Debian Jessie 8
 +
[[File:NanoPi 2M-B03.png|frameless|500px|compact]]
  
==接口布局和尺寸==
+
==Diagram, Layout and Dimension==
===接口布局===
+
===Layout===
[[File:NanoPi-M2-1602-if.png |thumb|600px|NanoPi M2接口布局]]
+
[[File:NanoPi-M2-1602-if.png |thumb|600px|NanoPi M2 Interfaces and Ports]]
[[File:NanoPi-M2-1602-if01.png |thumb|600px|NanoPi M201接口布局]]
+
[[File:NanoPi-M2-1602-if01.png |thumb|600px|NanoPi M201 Interfaces and Ports]]
  
* '''GPIO1管脚定义'''
+
* '''GPIO1 Pin Spec'''
 
::{| class="wikitable"
 
::{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
Line 81: Line 83:
 
|39  || DGND          ||40    || SPI2_CLK/GPIOC9
 
|39  || DGND          ||40    || SPI2_CLK/GPIOC9
 
|}
 
|}
以上的定义跟NanoPi2的有所不同, 这是它们的对照表:[[40 pins GPIO comparison table]]
+
This GPIO pin spec is a little bit different from that of the NanoPi 2. Here is a comparison table of the two:[[40 pins GPIO comparison table]]
 
* '''Debug Port(UART0)'''
 
* '''Debug Port(UART0)'''
 
::{| class="wikitable"
 
::{| class="wikitable"
Line 95: Line 97:
 
|4    || UART_RXD0  
 
|4    || UART_RXD0  
 
|}
 
|}
* '''DVP Camera IF 管脚定义'''
+
* '''DVP Camera IF Pin Spec'''
 
::{| class="wikitable"
 
::{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
Line 122: Line 124:
 
|16-23 || Data bit7-0
 
|16-23 || Data bit7-0
 
|}
 
|}
* '''RGB LCD IF 管脚定义'''
+
* '''RGB LCD IF Pin Spec'''
 
::{| class="wikitable"
 
::{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Pin# || Name  || Description   
 
|Pin# || Name  || Description   
 
|-
 
|-
|1, 2 || VDD_5V || 5V输出, 可以给LCD模组供电
+
|1, 2 || VDD_5V || 5V Output, it can be used to power LCD modules
 
|-
 
|-
|11,20,29, 37,38,39,40, 45|| DGND || 参考地, 0电位
+
|11,20,29, 37,38,39,40, 45|| DGND || Gound
 
|-
 
|-
|3-10    || Blue LSB to MSB  || RGB的蓝色信号
+
|3-10    || Blue LSB to MSB  || RGB blue
 
|-  
 
|-  
|12-19  || Green LSB to MSB || RGB的绿色信号
+
|12-19  || Green LSB to MSB || RGB green
 
|-
 
|-
|21-28  || Red LSB to MSB  || RGB的红色信号
+
|21-28  || Red LSB to MSB  || RGB red
 
|-
 
|-
|30      || GPIOB25          || 普通GPIO, 用户可控制
+
|30      || GPIOB25          || available for users
 
|-
 
|-
|31      || GPIOC15          || 一线协议信号, 以实现LCD型号识别, 背光控制和电阻触摸的功能. 系统已占用, 用户不可重新设置.
+
|31      || GPIOC15          || occupied by FriendlyARM one wire technology to recognize LCD models and control backlight and implement resistive touch, not applicable for users
 
|-     
 
|-     
|32      || XnRSTOUT Form CPU || 系统复位时向外输出低电平
+
|32      || XnRSTOUT Form CPU || low when system is reset
 
|-
 
|-
|33      || VDEN  || 指示RGB信号有效的信号
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|33      || VDEN  || signal the external LCD that data is valid on the data bus
 
|-
 
|-
|34      || VSYNC || 场信号
+
|34      || VSYNC || vertical synchronization
 
|-
 
|-
|35      || HSYNC || 行信号
+
|35      || HSYNC || horizontal synchronization
 
|-
 
|-
|36      || LCDCLK || LCD频率, Pixel frequency
+
|36      || LCDCLK || LCD clock, Pixel frequency
 
|-
 
|-
|41      || I2C2_SCL  || I2C2的时钟信号, 用来传输电容屏触摸数据
+
|41      || I2C2_SCL  || I2C2 clock signal, for capacitive touch data transmission
 
|-
 
|-
|42      || I2C2_SDA  || I2C2的数据信号, 用来传输电容屏触摸数据
+
|42      || I2C2_SDA  || I2C2 data signal, for capacitive touch data transmission
 
|-
 
|-
|43      || GPIOC16 || 电容触摸中断信号, 配合I2C2使用
+
|43      || GPIOC16 || interrupt pin for capacitive touch, used with I2C2
 
|-
 
|-
|44      || NC  || 没有任何连接
+
|44      || NC  || not connected
 
|}
 
|}
:'''说明'''
+
:'''Note'''
::#SYS_3.3V: 3.3V电源输出
+
::# SYS_3.3V: 3.3V power output
::#VDD_5V: 5V电源输入/输出。当电压大于MicroUSB时,向板子供电,否则板子从MicroUSB取电。输入范围:4.7~5.6V
+
::# VVDD_5V: 5V power input/output. When the external device’s power is greater than the MicroUSB’s the external device is charging the board otherwise the board powers the external device. The input range is 4.7V ~ 5.6V
::#全部信号引脚均为3.3V电平
+
::# All pins are 3.3V, output current is 5mA
::#GPIO1的定义与NanoPi2不完全相同, 已经在使用NanoPi2的老用户请仔细对照[[40 pins GPIO comparison table]]
+
::# GPIO1's pin spec is a little bit different from that of the NanoPi 2. Refer to this comparison table [[40 pins GPIO comparison table]]
::#更详细的信息请查看原理图:[http://wiki.friendlyarm.com/wiki/images/3/31/NanoPi-M2-1602-Schematic.pdf NanoPi-M2-1602-Schematic.pdf]
+
::# For more details refer to the document: [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/images/3/31/NanoPi-M2-1602-Schematic.pdf NanoPi-M2-1602-Schematic.pdf]
  
===机械尺寸===
+
===Board Dimension===
 
[[File:NanoPi M2_1512B_Dimensions.png|frameless|500px|NanoPi M2 Dimensions]]
 
[[File:NanoPi M2_1512B_Dimensions.png|frameless|500px|NanoPi M2 Dimensions]]
  
::详细尺寸:[http://wiki.friendlyarm.com/wiki/images/0/0b/NanoPi-M2-1602-Dimensions%28dxf%29.zip NanoPi-M2-1602-Dimensions(dxf).zip]
+
::For more details refer to the document: [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/images/0/0b/NanoPi-M2-1602-Dimensions%28dxf%29.zip NanoPi-M2-1602-Dimensions(dxf).zip]
  
==快速入门==
+
==Get Started==
===准备工作===
+
===Essentials You Need===
要开启你的NanoPi M2新玩具,请先准备好以下硬件
+
Before starting to use your NanoPi M2 get the following items ready
* NanoPi M2主板
+
* NanoPi M2
* microSD卡/TF卡: Class10或以上的 8GB SDHC卡
+
* microSD Card/TFCard: Class 10 or Above, minimum 8GB SDHC
* 一个microUSB接口的外接电源,要求输出为5V/2A(可使用同规格的手机充电器)
+
* microUSB power. A 5V/2A power is a must
* 一台支持HDMI输入的显示器或者电视(或选购LCD配件)
+
* HDMI monitor or LCD
* 一套USB键盘鼠标,同时连接还需要USB HUB (或选购串口转接板,要PC上进行操作)
+
* USB keyboard and mouse
* 一台电脑,需要联网,建议使用Ubuntu 14.04 64位系统
+
* A host computer running Ubuntu 18.04 64 bit system
  
===经测试使用的TF卡===
+
{{TFCardsWeTested}}
制作启动NanoPi M2的TF卡时,建议Class10或以上的 8GB SDHC卡。以下是经友善之臂测试验证过的高速TF卡:
+
*SanDisk闪迪 TF 8G Class10 Micro/SD 高速 TF卡:
+
[[File:SanDisk MicroSD.png|frameless|100px|SanDisk MicroSD 8G]]
+
*SanDisk闪迪 TF128G 至尊高速MicroSDXC TF 128G Class10 48MB/S:
+
[[File:SanDisk MicroSD-01.png|frameless|100px|SanDisk MicroSD 128G]]
+
*川宇 8G手机内存卡 8GTF卡存储卡 C10高速class10 micro SD卡:
+
[[File:SanDisk MicroSD-02.png|frameless|100px|chuanyu MicroSD 8G]]
+
 
+
===制作一张带运行系统的microSD卡===
+
====简易方法制作====
+
首先访问[http://wiki.friendlyarm.com/wiki/nanopi2/download/ 此处的下载地址]下载需要的固件文件:<br />
+
  
 +
===Make an Installation MicroSD Card===
 +
====Under Windows====
 +
Get the following files from here:[http://download.friendlyelec.com/nanopim2 to download image files.<br />
 +
* Get a 4G SDHC card and backup its data if necessary.<br/>
 +
<!---
 +
FriendlyARM migrated both Android 5.1 and Android 4.4 to the NanoPC-T2. Android 4.4 includes features that professional users usually need: 4G, Ethernet configuration and etc.
 +
--->
 
::{| class="wikitable"
 
::{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
|colspan=2|使用LCD或HDMI作来输出的用户,使用以下固件:
+
|colspan=2| Image Files
 
|-
 
|-
|nanopi2-debian-sd4g.img.zip      || Debian系统固件                 
+
|s5p4418-debian-sd4g-YYYYMMDD.img.zip      || Debian image file with X Window               
 
|-
 
|-
|nanopi2-android-sd4g.img.zip      || Android系统固件 
+
|s5p4418-debian-wifiap-sd4g-YYYYMMDD.img.zip      || Debian image file with X Window and WiFi configured as AP 
 
|-
 
|-
|colspan=2|烧写工具: 
+
|s5p4418-kitkat-sd4g-YYYYMMDD.img.zip    || Android4.4 image file with support for 4G LTE
 
|-
 
|-
|win32diskimager.rar || Windows平台下的烧写工具,Linux系统可以用dd命令
+
|s5p4418-android-sd4g-YYYYMMDD.img.zip      || Android5.1 image file 
 +
|-
 +
|s5p4418-ubuntu-core-qte-sd4g-YYYYMMDD.img.zip      || Ubuntu core with Qt Embedded
 +
|-
 +
|colspan=2|Flash Utility: 
 +
|-
 +
|win32diskimager.rar || Windows utility. Under Linux users can use "dd"
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|}
 
|}
  
*将固件和烧写工具分别解压,在Windows下插入SD卡(限4G及以上的卡),以管理员身份运行 win32diskimager 工具, 在win32diskimager工具的界面上, 选择你的SD卡盘符,选择你要烧写的系统固件,点击 Write 按钮烧写即可。
+
<!---
*当制作完成 SD 卡后,拔出 SD 卡插入 NanoPi M2的 BOOT 卡槽,上电启动(注意,这里需要 5V/2A 的供电),你可以看到蓝灯和绿灯已经闪烁,这时你已经成功启动 NanoPi M2。<br />
+
::{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
|colspan=2|For LCD or HDMI output use the following files:
 +
|-
 +
|nanopi2-debian-sd4g.img.zip      || Debian image files (there are two Debian files)                  
 +
|-
 +
|nanopi2-android-sd4g.img.zip      || Android image files 
 +
|-
 +
|colspan=2|Flash Utility: 
 +
|-
 +
|win32diskimager.rar || Windows utility. Under Linux users can use "dd"
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
--->
 +
* Uncompress these files. Insert an SD card(at least 4G) into a Windows PC and run the win32diskimager utility as administrator. On the utility's main window select your SD card's drive, the wanted image file and click on "write" to start flashing the SD card.
 +
* Insert this card into your NanoPi M2 and power on (with a 5V/2A power source). If the green LED is on and the blue LED is blinking this indicates your NanoPi M2 has successfully booted.<br />
  
====在Linux Desktop下通过脚本制作====
+
====Under Linux Desktop====
* 1) 将microSD插入Ubuntu的电脑,用以下命令查看你的SD卡设备名
+
*1) Insert your microSD card into your host running Ubuntu and check your SD card's device name
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
dmesg | tail
 
dmesg | tail
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
当dmesg输出类拟信息 sdc: sdc1 sdc2时,则表示SD卡对应的设备名为 /dev/sdc,也通过用命令cat /proc/partitions来查看。
+
Search the messages output by "dmesg" for similar words like "sdc: sdc1 sdc2". If you can find them it means your SD card is recognized as "/dev/sdc". Or you can check that by commanding "cat /proc/partitions"
  
*2) 下载Linux下的制作脚本
+
*2) Download Flashing Script
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_nanopi2.git
+
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_s5p4418.git
cd sd-fuse_nanopi2
+
cd sd-fuse_s5p4418
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
*3) 以下是制作启动Android的SD卡的方法
+
*3) Flash Android Firmware to MicroSD Card
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
su
 
su
 
./fusing.sh /dev/sdx
 
./fusing.sh /dev/sdx
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
(注:/dev/sdx请替换为实际的SD卡设备文件名) <br />
+
(Note: you need to replace "/dev/sdx" with the device name in your system)<br/>  
制作包中未包含Android和Debian的烧写文件,第一次使用时会提示需要下载,输入Y下载,N或10秒未输入则取消。
+
When you do “git clone” you have to hit “Y” within 10 seconds after it prompts you to download image files otherwise you will miss the download.
  
*4) 以下是制作启动Debian的SD卡的方法
+
*4) Flash Debian Firmware to MicroSD Card
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
./fusing.sh /dev/sdx debian
 
./fusing.sh /dev/sdx debian
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
====关于LCD/HDMI分辨率====
+
====Extend NanoPi M2's TF Card Section====
系统启动时uboot会自动识别LCD,成功则会设置为该LCD的显示分辨率,失败则缺省会设置为HDMI 720P模式。<br />
+
* When Debian/Ubuntu is loaded the TF card's section will be automatically extended.
如果要修改LCD的显示分辨率,可以直接修改内核中的文件 arch/arm/plat-s5p4418/nanopi2/lcds.c , 然后重新编译内核并更新即可。<br />
+
* When Android is loaded you need to run the following commands on your host PC to extend your TF card's section:
对于HDMI的显示模式,Android则是会通过EDID获得HDMI设备如电视机所支持的显示模式,然后自动选择一个合适的分辨率。如果使用的是Debian,则缺省是720P,可通过修改内核配置来切换为1080P。
+
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
sudo umount /dev/sdx?
 +
sudo parted /dev/sdx unit % resizepart 4 100 resizepart 7 100 unit MB print
 +
sudo resize2fs -f /dev/sdx7
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
(Note: you need to replace "/dev/sdx" with the device name in your system)
 +
<!---
 +
=====For Debian=====
 +
* Run the following commands on a PC host's terminal:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
sudo umount /dev/sdx?
 +
sudo parted /dev/sdx unit % resizepart 2 100 unit MB print
 +
sudo resize2fs -f /dev/sdx2
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
  
===在电脑上修改SD卡上的系统===
+
=====For Android=====
如果你想在运行系统之前,先对系统做一些修改,可以参看本节内容,否则可以跳过本节。<br />
+
* Run the following commands on a PC host's terminal:
将制作好microSD卡插入一台运行Linux的电脑,可以挂载SD卡上的boot和rootfs等分区,对分区内容进行修改,通过在以下情况下你需要进行这些操作:<br />
+
1) 你想更改Kernel Command Line参数,则可以通过sd-fuse_nanopi2/tools目录下的fw_setenv工具来操作。<br />
+
查看当前的Command Line:
+
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
cd sd-fuse_nanopi2/tools
+
sudo umount /dev/sdx?
 +
sudo parted /dev/sdx unit % resizepart 4 100 resizepart 7 100 unit MB print
 +
sudo resize2fs -f /dev/sdx7
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
(Note: you need to replace "/dev/sdx" with the device name in your system)
 +
--->
 +
 
 +
====LCD/HDMI Resolution====
 +
When the system boots our uboot will check whether it is connected to an LCD or to an HDMI monitor. If it recognizes an LCD it will configure its resolution. Our uboot defaults to the HDMI 720P configuration.<br/>
 +
If you want to modify the LCD resolution you can modify file "arch/arm/plat-s5p4418/nanopi2/lcds.c" in the kernel and recompile it.<br/>
 +
If your NanoPi M2 is connected an HDMI monitor and it runs Android it will automatically set the resolution to an appropriate HDMI mode by checking the "EDID". If your NanoPi M2 is connected an HDMI monitor and it runs Debian by default it will set the resolution to HDMI 720P. If you want to modify the resolution to 1080P modify your kernel's configuration as explained above.
 +
 
 +
===Update Image Files in MicroSD Card From PC Host===
 +
If you want to make some changes to the image files in your MicroSD card follow steps below otherwise you can skip this section.<br/>
 +
Insert your MicroSD card into a PC host running Linux, mount the boot and rootfs sections of the SD card and follow the steps below:<br/>
 +
1) If you want to change your kernel command line parameters you can do it via the fw_setevn utility under "sd-fuse_s5p4418/tools".<br />
 +
Check the current Command Line:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
cd sd-fuse_s5p4418/tools
 
./fw_printenv /dev/sdc | grep bootargs
 
./fw_printenv /dev/sdc | grep bootargs
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
目前的Android 5.1.1_r6启用了SELinux,缺省模式是enforcing,你可以通过Command Line来修改它,例如:
+
Android 5.1.1_r6 starts SELinux. By default it is enforcing. You can change it this way:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
./fw_setenv /dev/sdc bootargs XXX androidboot.selinux=permissive
 
./fw_setenv /dev/sdc bootargs XXX androidboot.selinux=permissive
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
即可修改为permissive模式,其中上面的XXX需要替换成原来的bootargs值。<br />
+
This sets it to "permissive". The "XXX" stands for the original bootargs' value.<br/>
  
2) 更新内核 <br />
+
2) Update Kernel<br/>
新版本的uboot在启动时如果识别到LCD,将读取SD卡boot分区的uImage,否则将读取uImage.hdmi。<br />
+
Our customized uboot will check the LCD type when it boots.<br/>
对于Android来说是同一个文件,因此直接使用新编译的uImage来替换SD卡boot分区下的文件即可。<br />
+
For a non-Android OS If it recognizes an LCD connected to the NanoPi M2 it will load "uImage" from "boot" otherwise it will load "uImage.hdmi".<br />
对于Debian来说,这2个文件是不相同的,使用新编译的支持LCD的uImage直接替换SD卡boot分区的文件,如果是支持HDMI的内核,则替换uImage.hdmi。<br />
+
For Android it doesn't make any difference which display device is detected. You can use your generated uImage to replace the existing one under "boot".<br/>
 +
For Debian if your generated kernel is for an LCD you need to replace the existing uImage or if your kernel is for HDMI you need to replace the existing uImage.hdmi.<br />
  
===运行Android或Debian===
+
===Run Android or Debian===
*将制作好microSD卡插入NanoPi M2,连接HDMI,最后连接电源(5V 2A),NanoPi M2会上电自动开机,看到板上的蓝色LED闪烁,这说明系统已经开始启动了,同时电视上也将能看到系统启动的画面。<br />
+
* Insert a MicroSD card with Android/Debian image files into your NanoPi M2, connect the NanoPi M2 to an HDMI monitor and a 5V/2A power source the NanoPi M2 will be automatically powered up. If you can see the blue LED flashing it means your board is working and you will see Android/Debain loading on the HDMI monitor.<br />
1)要在电视上进行操作,你需要连接USB鼠标和键盘;如果你选购了LCD配件,则可以直接使用LCD上面的触摸屏进行操作。<br />
+
1)If you connect the NanoPi M2 to an HDMI monitor you need to use a USB mouse and a USB keyboard to operate. If you connect it to an LCD with capacitive touch you can operate directly on the LCD.<br />
2)如果您需要进行内核开发,你最好选购一个串口配件,连接了串口,则可以通过终端对NanoPi M2进行操作。<br />
+
2)If you want to do kernel development you'd better have a serial comms board which will allow you to operate the board via a serial terminal.<br />
*以下是串口的接法,假如你已经拿到串口,则可直接串口供电,不需要再通过microUSB供电,接上串口,即可调试:
+
* Here is a setup where we connect a NanoPi M2 to a PC running Ubuntu and Minicom via a serial cable you will see system messages output to the PC’s minicom terminal:
[[File:PSU-ONECOM.png|frameless|400px|PSU-ONECOM01]]
+
[[File:PSU-ONECOM-M2.png|frameless|400px|PSU-ONECOM-M2]]
*如果提示输入密码,Debian的root用户的默认密码是两个字母fa。
+
* Under Debian the password for "root" is "fa".
 
+
===通过VNC和ssh登录Debian===
+
如果你是祼板运行系统(既没有连接LCD也没有连接HDMI),你可以使用手机或电脑到[http://www.realvnc.com/download/ 这里]下载并安装一个名为VNC Viewer的软件,用VNC连接到NanoPi M2,默认密码为:fa123456 。<br />
+
以下是在iPhone上用VNC登录NanoPi M2的画面:<br />
+
[[File:iphone6-vnc-nanopi2.png|frameless|400px|VNC to NanoPi2]]
+
<br />
+
你也可以通过 ssh -l root 192.168.8.1 命令在终端上登录,默认的root用户密码是 fa 。<br />
+
<br />
+
  
==Debian系统的使用==
+
==Working with Debian==
===连接有线网络===
+
===Ethernet Connection===
NanoPi M2在加电开机前如果已正确的连接网线,则系统启动时会自动获取IP地址,如果没有连接网线、没有DHCP服务或是其它网络问题,则会导致获取IP地址失败,同时系统启动会因此等待约15~60秒的时间。
+
If the NanoPi M2 is connected to a network via Ethernet before it is powered on it will automatically obtain an IP after it has powered up. If it is not connected via Ethernet or its DHCP is not activated obtaining an IP will fail and system will hang on for about 15 to 60 seconds
* 1) 配置MAC地址
+
* 1) Setup MAC Address
板子没有提供有效的Ethernet的MAC地址,系统在连接网络时会自动生成一个随机的MAC地址,您可以修改 /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0 ,配置一个固定的MAC地址:
+
The NanoPi M2 by default doesn't have a valid MAC address. If the board connects a network successfully it will automatically generates a random MAC in "/etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0". Users can change it to a self-defined valid one:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
vi /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0
 
vi /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
以下是配置文件的具体内容:
+
Here is the content of a sample configuration file:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
auto eth0
 
auto eth0
Line 293: Line 333:
 
hwaddress 76:92:d4:85:f3:0f
 
hwaddress 76:92:d4:85:f3:0f
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
其中"hwaddress" 就是用来指定MAC地址,"76:92:d4:85:f3:0f"是一个随机生成的地址,为防止冲突导致网络问题,请修改为一个不同的且有效的地址。<br />
+
The "hwaddress" specifies the MAC address. Here the "76:92:d4:85:f3:0f" is a random MAC. We suggest users change it to a valid one.<br/>
需要注意的一点是,MAC地址必须符合IEEE的规则,请不要随意指定,否则会出现无法获取IP地址、无法上网等问题。
+
Note: when you reset the MAC make sure your MAC meets IEEE's definition otherwise it will cause unexpected issues.
修改完配置文件并保存后,可重启板子或直接下列命令重启网络服务:
+
After you make your change, save, exit and reboot your board or run the following commands to restart the network:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
systemctl restart networking
 
systemctl restart networking
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
===安装Debian软件包===
+
===Install Debian Packages===
我们提供的是标准的Debian jessie系统,你可以使用apt-get等命令来安装软件包,如果板子是首次运行,需要先用以下命令更新软件包列表:
+
We provide a Debian Jessie image. You can install Jessie's packages by commanding "apt-get". If this is your first installation you need to update the package list by running the following command:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
apt-get update
 
apt-get update
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
然后就可以安装软件包了,例如要安装ftp服务器,使用以下命令:
+
You can install your preferred packages. For example if you want to install an FTP server you can do this:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
apt-get install vsftpd
 
apt-get install vsftpd
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
如果软件包下载速度不理想,你可以编辑 /etc/apt/sources.list 更换一个更快的源服务器,这个网址[http://www.debian.org/mirror/list]有一份完整的源镜像服务器列表,注意要选用一个带armhf架构的。
+
Note: you can change your download server by editting "/etc/apt/sources.list". You can get a complete server list from [1]. You need to select the one with "armhf".
  
 +
===HDMI Audio Output/3.5mm Audio Jack Output Under Debian===
 +
By default our Debian system's HDMI output doesn't have audio output. To enable the HDMI audio output you need to install the alsa packages<br />
 +
Firstly, make sure your board runs our latest Debian image and is connected to the internet:<br />
 +
After your board is powered up run the following commands:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
apt-get update
 +
apt-get install libasound2
 +
apt-get install alsa-base
 +
apt-get install alsa-utils
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
After the installation is done copy a ".wav" audio file to your NanoPi M2, connect your NanoPi M2 to an HDMI monitor and play it by using the following command:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
aplay music.wav
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
Our Debian system's default audio output is the 3.5mm audio jack. You can turn on the HDMI audio by editting the /etc/asound.conf file:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
pcm.!default {
 +
    type hw
 +
    card 1
 +
    device 0
 +
}
 +
 +
ctl.!default {
 +
    type hw
 +
    card 1
 +
}
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
card 0 points to the 3.5mm audio jack and card 1 points to the HDMI audio. You need to save your changes and reboot your system to make your changes take effect.
  
==如何编译系统==
+
==Make Your Own OS Image==
  
===安装交叉编译器===
+
===Setup Development Environment===
首先下载并解压编译器:
+
Install Cross Compiler:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/prebuilts.git
+
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/prebuilts.git -b master --depth 1
sudo mkdir -p /opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain
+
cd prebuilts/gcc-x64
sudo tar xf prebuilts/gcc-x64/arm-cortexa9-linux-gnueabihf-4.9.3.tar.xz -C /opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/
+
cat toolchain-4.9.3-armhf.tar.gz* | sudo tar xz -C /
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
然后将编译器的路径加入到PATH中,用vi编辑vi ~/.bashrc,在末尾加入以下内容:
+
Then add the compiler's directory to "PATH" by appending the following lines in "~/.bashrc":
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/4.9.3/bin:$PATH
 
export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/4.9.3/bin:$PATH
Line 328: Line 396:
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
执行一下~/.bashrc脚本让设置立即在当前shell窗口中生效,注意"."后面有个空格:
+
Execute "~/.bashrc" to make the changes into effect. Note that there is a space after the first ".":
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
. ~/.bashrc
 
. ~/.bashrc
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
这个编译器是64位的,不能在32位的Linux系统上运行,安装完成后,你可以快速的验证是否安装成功:
+
This compiler is a 64-bit one therefore it cannot be run on a 32-bit Linux. After the compiler is installed you can verify it by running the following commands:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
arm-linux-gcc -v
 
arm-linux-gcc -v
Line 349: Line 417:
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
===编译U-Boot===
+
===Compile U-Boot===
下载U-Boot源代码并编译,注意分支是nanopi2-lollipop-mr1:
+
Download the U-Boot source code and compile it. Note that the github's branch is nanopi2-lollipop-mr1:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/uboot_nanopi2.git
 
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/uboot_nanopi2.git
Line 359: Line 427:
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
编译成功结束后您将获得u-boot.bin,您可以通过fastboot来更新正在运行的NanoPi M2板上SD的U-Boot,方法如下:<br />
+
After your compilation succeeds a u-boot.bin will be generated. If you want to test it flash it to your installation MicroSD card via fastboot. Here is how you can do it:<br/>
1) 在电脑上先用命令 sudo apt-get install android-tools-fastboot 安装 fastboot 工具;<br />
+
1) On your PC host run "sudo apt-get install android-tools-fastboot" to install the fastboot utility;<br/>
2) 用串口配件连接NanoPi M2和电脑,在上电启动的2秒内,在串口终端上按下回车,进入 u-boot 的命令行模式;<br />
+
2) Connect your NanoPi M2 to your PC host via a serial cable (e.g. PSU-ONECOME). Press the enter key within two seconds right after you power on your NanoPi M2 and you will enter uboot's command line mode;<br/>
3) 在u-boot 命令行模式下输入命令 fastboot 回车,进入 fastboot 模式;<br />
+
3) After type in "fastboot" and press "enter" you will enter the fastboot mode;<br/>
4) 用microUSB线连接NanoPi M2和电脑,在电脑上输入以下命令烧写u-boot.bin:<br />
+
4) Connect your NanoPi M2 to this PC host via a microUSB cable and type in the following command to flash the u-boot.bin:<br/>
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
fastboot flash bootloader u-boot.bin
 
fastboot flash bootloader u-boot.bin
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
<br />
 
<br />
注意:不建议直接使用dd来更新SD卡,否则有可能会导致无法正常启动。<br />
+
Warning: you cannot update this MicroSD card by commanding "dd". This command will cause trouble when booting the NanoPi M2.<br />
  
===准备mkimage===
+
===Prepare mkimage===
编译内核需要用到U-Boot中的工具mkimage,因此,在编译内核uImage前,您需要保证您的主机环境可以成功运行它。<br />
+
You need the mkimage utility to compile a U-Boot source code package. Make sure this utility works well on your host before you start compiling a uImage.<br/>
你可以直接使用命令 sudo apt-get install u-boot-tools 来安装,也可以自己编译并安装:
+
You can install this utility by either commanding "sudo apt-get install u-boot-tools" or following the commands below:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
cd uboot_nanopi2
 
cd uboot_nanopi2
Line 379: Line 447:
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
===编译Linux kernel===
+
===Compile Linux kernel===
====编译内核====
+
====Compile Kernel====
* 下载内核源代码
+
* Download Kernel Source Code
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/linux-3.4.y.git
 
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/linux-3.4.y.git
Line 387: Line 455:
 
git checkout nanopi2-lollipop-mr1
 
git checkout nanopi2-lollipop-mr1
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
NanoPi2内核所属的分支是nanopi2-lollipop-mr1,在开始编译前先切换分支。
+
The NanoPi M2's kernel source code lies in the "nanopi2-lollipop-mr1" branch.
* 编译Android内核
+
* Compile Android Kernel
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
make nanopi2_android_defconfig
 
make nanopi2_android_defconfig
Line 394: Line 462:
 
make uImage
 
make uImage
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
* 编译Debian内核
+
* Compile Debian Kernel
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
make nanopi2_linux_defconfig
 
make nanopi2_linux_defconfig
Line 400: Line 468:
 
make uImage
 
make uImage
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
编译成功结束后,新生成的内核烧写文件为 arch/arm/boot/uImage,此内核支持HDMI 720p输出,用于替换掉SD卡boot分区下的uImage.hdmi。<br />
+
After your compilation succeeds a uImage will be generated in the "arch/arm/boot/uImage" directory. This kernel is for HDMI 720P. You can use it to replace the existing uImage.hdmi<br/>
如果要支持HDMI 1080p,则需要修改内核配置:
+
If you want to generate a kernel for HDMI 1080P you can do it this way:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
touch .scmversion
 
touch .scmversion
Line 415: Line 483:
 
make uImage
 
make uImage
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
使用新生成的uImage替换掉SD卡boot分区下的uImage.hdmi即可获得HDMI 1080p输出。<br />
+
After your compilation succeeds a uImage will be generated for HDMI 1080P. You can use it to replace the existing uImage.<br />
如果要编译支持LCD显示的内核,则需要修改内核配置:
+
If you want to generate a kernel for LCD you can do it this way:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
touch .scmversion
 
touch .scmversion
Line 428: Line 496:
 
make uImage
 
make uImage
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
启用LCD,同时取消HDMI,然后退出并保存配置,编译后即可获得支持LCD显示的uImage,用于替换SD卡boot分区下的uImage。
+
After your compilation succeeds a uImage will be generated for LCD. You can use it to replace the existing uImage.
  
====编译内核模块====
+
====Compile Kernel Modules====
Android包含内核模块,位于system分区的 /lib/modules/ 下,如果您有新的内核模块或者内核配置有变化,则需要重新编译。 <br />
+
Android contains kernel modules which are in the "/lib/modules" directory in the system section. If you want to add your own modules to the kernel or you changed your kernel configurations you need to recompile these new modules.<br/>
首先编译内核源代码中的模块:
+
Compile Original Kernel Modules:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
cd linux-3.4.y
 
cd linux-3.4.y
 
make CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux- modules
 
make CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux- modules
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
另外有2个内核模块的源代码位于Android源代码中,可使用以下命令来编译:
+
Here we have two new modules and we can compile them by following the commands below:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
cd /opt/FriendlyARM/s5p4418/android
 
cd /opt/FriendlyARM/s5p4418/android
 
./vendor/friendly-arm/build/common/build-modules.sh
 
./vendor/friendly-arm/build/common/build-modules.sh
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
其中 “/opt/FriendlyARM/s5p4418/android” 是指Android源代码的TOP目录,使用参数“-h”可查看帮助。<br />
+
The "/opt/FriendlyARM/s5p4418/android" directory points to the top directory of Android source code. You can get more details by specifying option "-h".<br/>
编译成功结束后,会显示生成的内核模块。
+
After your compilation succeeds new modules will be generated
  
===编译Android===
+
===Compile Android===
  
* 搭建编译环境
+
* Install Cross Compiler
搭建编译Android的环境建议使用64位的Ubuntu 14.04,安装需要的包即可。
+
Installing 64 bit Ubuntu 16.04 on your PC host.
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
sudo apt-get install bison g++-multilib git gperf libxml2-utils make python-networkx zip
 
sudo apt-get install bison g++-multilib git gperf libxml2-utils make python-networkx zip
 
sudo apt-get install flex libncurses5-dev zlib1g-dev gawk minicom
 
sudo apt-get install flex libncurses5-dev zlib1g-dev gawk minicom
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
更多说明可查看 https://source.android.com/source/initializing.html 。
+
For more details refer to https://source.android.com/source/initializing.html 。
  
* 下载源代码
+
* Download Source Code(Android 5.1)
Android源代码的下载需要使用repo,其安装和使用请查看 https://source.android.com/source/downloading.html 。
+
You need to use repo to get the Android source code. Refer to https://source.android.com/source/downloading.html 。
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
mkdir android && cd android
 
mkdir android && cd android
Line 462: Line 530:
 
repo sync
 
repo sync
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
其中“android”是指工作目录。
+
The "android" directory is the working directory.<br />
  
* 编译系统
+
If you want to try Android4.4's source code you can run the following commands:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
mkdir android && cd android
 +
repo init -u https://github.com/friendlyarm/android_manifest.git -b nanopi2-kitkat
 +
repo sync
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
Option "-b" specifies a branch
 +
 
 +
* Compile System Package
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
source build/envsetup.sh
 
source build/envsetup.sh
Line 470: Line 546:
 
make -j8
 
make -j8
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
编译成功完成后,目录 out/target/product/nanopi2/ 下包含可用于烧写的image文件。
+
After your compilation succeeds the following files will be generated in the "out/target/product/nanopi2/" directory.
 +
::{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
|filename    || partition || Description 
 +
|-
 +
|boot.img    || boot      || -
 +
|-
 +
|cache.img    || cache    || -
 +
|-
 +
|userdata.img || userdata  || -
 +
|-
 +
|system.img  || system    || -
 +
|-
 +
|partmap.txt  || -        || partition description file
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
* Flash Image to TF Card
 +
If you want to boot your board from a TF card you can copy your generated image files to your card's sd-fuse_s5p4418/android/ direcroty and flash the image to the card with our script. For more details refer to [[#Under Linux Desktop]].
  
==扩展连接==
+
==Connect NanoPi M2 to External Modules==
===连接USB(FA-CAM202)200万摄像头模块===
+
===Connect NanoPi M2 to USB Camera(FA-CAM202)===
*NanoPi M2使用Debian系统,假设你已接好LCD屏或者HDMI,进入系统后,点击左下角的菜单键“Other”-->xawtv9,打开USB Camera软件。进入“welcome  to xawtv!”,选择OK即可进行拍照。
+
* In this use case the NanoPi M2 runs Debian. If you connect your NanoPi M2 to our LCD or an HDMI monitor after Debain is fully loaded click on "other"-->"xawtv" on the left bottom of the GUI and the USB Camera application will be started. After enter "welcome to xawtv!" click on "OK" to start exploring.
[[File:USB-camera-nanopi2-Fire.png|frameless|500px|USB camera-Fire]]
+
[[File:USB-camera-NanoPi-M2.png|frameless|500px|USB camera-M2]]
  
===连接CMOS 500万摄像头模块===
+
===Connect NanoPi M2 to CMOS 5M-Pixel Camera===
*NanoPi M2使用Android5.1系统,假设你已经接好LCD屏或者HDMI,进入系统后,直接点击“camera”图标,即可打开摄像头进行拍照。
+
For more details about the CAM500B camera refer to [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_CAM500B]<br/>
[[File:CMOS-camera-nanopi2 Fire.png|frameless|500px|CMOS camera01]]
+
*If your NanoPi M2 runs Android5.1 and it is connected to our LCD or an HDMI monitor after Android is fully loaded click on the "Camera" icon and the application will be started. You can take pictures or record videos
 +
[[File:CMOS-camera-NanoPi2-M2.png|frameless|500px|CMOS camera-M2]]
  
===连接USB摄像头使用OpenCV===
+
*Under Debian/Ubuntu a camera utility "nanocams" is available for previewing 40 frames and picture taking. You can try it by following the commands below
* OpenCV的全称是Open Source Computer Vision Library,是一个跨平台的计算机视觉库。
+
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
* NanoPi M2跑Debian系统时,接USB Camera,可直接使用官方的OpenCV。<br>
+
sudo nanocams -p 1 -n 40 -c 4 -o IMG001.jpg
1、以下介绍的是NanoPi M2用C++使用的OpenCV:
+
</syntaxhighlight>
* 首先需要保证你的NanoPi M2能连外网,假如你有串口,直接串口登陆超级终端(或者ssh登陆)。进入系统后,输入用户名(root),密码(fa)登陆;
+
For more details about the usage of the nanocams run "nanocams -h".
* 以下命令在超级终端执行:
+
You can get its source code from our git hub:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/nexell_linux_platform.git
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
 
 +
===Use OpenCV to Access USB Camera===
 +
* The full name of "OpenCV" is Open Source Computer Vision Library and it is a cross platform vision library.
 +
* When the NanoPi M2 runs Debian users can use OpenCV APIs to access a USB Camera device.<br>
 +
1. Here is a guideline on how to use OpenCV with C++ on the NanoPi M2:
 +
* Firstly you need to make sure your NanoPi M2 is connected to the internet.Login to your NanoPi M2 via a serial terminal or SSH. After login type in your username(root) and password(fa):
 +
* Run the following commands:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
apt-get update
 
apt-get update
Line 492: Line 597:
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
2、NanoPi M2烧写Debian系统启动后,接上USB Camera,使用Debian系统自带的摄像头软件测试,确定摄像头能正常使用。<br>
+
2. Make sure your USB camera works with the NanoPi M2. You can test your camera with NanoPi M2's camera utility.<br>
3、通过终端执行命令,查看你的摄像头设备:
+
3. Check your camera device:
 +
 
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
ls /dev/video*
 
ls /dev/video*
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
* 注:video9 是你的USB摄像头设备(注:video0到8均被其它设备占用了)
+
* Note:in our case "video0" was the camera's device name.
  
4、opencv的测试代码(官方C++示例代码)在 /home/fa/Documents/opencv-demo, 使用以下命令即可编译:
+
4. OpenCV's code sample(Official Code Sample in C++) under /home/fa/Documents/opencv-demo. You can compile it by running the following command:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
cd /home/fa/Documents/opencv-demo
 
cd /home/fa/Documents/opencv-demo
 
make
 
make
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
编译成功后,得到可执行文件demo <br />
+
If it is compiled successfully a demo executable will be generated<br />
5、这里特别说明:目前NanoPi M2的内核注册了9个video设备,而opencv的官方源码定义了最多只能使用8个Camera,所以这里需要临时删除一个video设备,以下命令则是删除video0:
+
 
 +
5. Connect NanoPi M2 to a USB Keyboard & Run the Following Command:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
rm /dev/video0
+
./demo
mv /dev/video9 /dev/video0
+
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
6、以下步骤需要在NanoPi M2上连接键盘后执行:
+
===Connect NanoPi M2 to USB WiFi===
 +
Our system has support for popular USB WiFi drivers. Many USB WiFi modules are plug and play with our system. Here is a list of models we tested;
 +
::{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
|Number || Model     
 +
|-
 +
|1  ||  RTL8188CUS/8188EU 802.11n WLAN Adapter   
 +
|-
 +
|2  ||  RT2070 Wireless Adapter   
 +
|-
 +
|3  ||  RT2870/RT3070 Wireless Adapter
 +
|-
 +
|4  ||  RTL8192CU Wireless Adapter
 +
|-
 +
|5  ||  MI WiFi mt7601
 +
|}
 +
If you NanoPi M2 is connected to a USB WiFi and is powered up you can log into M2 and run the following command to check if the USB WiFi is recognized. If "wlan0" is listed it indicates your USB WiFi has been recognized:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
./demo
+
ifconfig -a
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
Open the /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf file and append the following lines:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
network={
 +
        ssid="YourWiFiESSID"
 +
        psk="YourWiFiPassword"
 +
}
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
The "YourWiFiESSID" and "YourWiFiPassword" need to be replaced with your actual ESSID and password.<br/>
 +
Save, exit and run the following commands to connect to your WiFi router:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
ifdown wlan0
 +
ifup wlan0
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
If your WiFi password has special characters or you don't want your password saved as plain text you can use "wpa_passphrase" to generate a psk for your WiFi password. Here is how you can do it:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
wpa_passphrase YourWiFiESSID
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
Following the prompt type in your password and you will get a new password in the /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf file. Now you can replace the existing password in the wlan0 file with the new one.
  
你便可以看到opencv已经用起来,如图:<br>
+
* Click on here to enter the kernel compilation [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_USB_WiFi]
[[File:OpenCV-Fire01.png|frameless|600px|OpenCV-Fire01]]
+
  
===连接USB WiFi===
+
===Connect NanoPi M2 to Matrix GPS Module===
* 点击此处,内核编译链接[http://wiki.friendlyarm.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_USB_WiFi/zh]
+
* The Matrix-GPS module is a small GPS module with high performance. It can be used in navigation devices, four-axle drones and etc.
 +
* The Matrix-GPS module uses serial communication. When the NanoPi M2 is connected to the Matrix GPS module, after the NanoPi M2 is powered up type in the following command in a terminal or click on the xgps icon it will be started.
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
 +
$su - fa -c "DISPLAY=:0 xgps 127.0.0.1:9999"
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
* Or on the Debian GUI start the LXTerminal, type in "xgps" and enter it will be started too.
 +
For more details about this GPS module refer to [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_GPS this link]<br />
 +
Refer to the following diagram to connect the NanoPi M2 to the Matrix-GPS:<br />
 +
[[File:GPS_NanoPi M2.png|frameless|600px|GPS_NanoPi_M2]]
  
==更多OS==
+
Connection Details:
===Ubuntu-Core===
+
{| class="wikitable"
Ubuntu-Core是一个轻量级的Ubuntu系统,无桌面环境,可通过ssh登录。<br>
+
|-
仅提供给进阶爱好者交流使用,不对该系统提供专业技术支持。<br>
+
|Matrix-GPS || NanoPi M2     
* 访问此处[http://pan.baidu.com/s/1hrbFm0s 下载地址]下载系统固件。
+
|-
* 将固件解压后,在Windows下使用友善官方提供 win32diskimager 工具烧写即可。
+
|RXD    || Pin8
* 烧写完成后,将SD卡插入NanoPi M2,上电即可体验Ubuntu-Core。
+
|-
* 登录账号:root或fa ; 登录密码:fa
+
|TXD    || Pin10
 +
|-  
 +
|5V    || Pin4
 +
|-
 +
|GND    || Pin6
 +
|}
  
===Ubuntu-Mate===
+
===Connect NanoPi M2 to I2C Device===
Ubuntu-Mate基于Ubuntu系统,使用的桌面环境是Mate-desktop,界面简洁易用,需配合LCD或者HDMI使用,可通过ssh登录。<br>
+
* The Matrix-I2C_LCD1602_Keypad module is an easy-to-use display module based on the LCD1602. This module integrates the LCD1602 and the MCP23017 module. It has five programmable keys which allow users to control the LCD1602's display and external devices connected to the module.
仅提供给进阶爱好者交流使用,不对该系统提供专业技术支持。
+
* The MCP23017 communicates through I2C interface. You can learn how the NanoPi M2 communicates to an I2C device by studying this module.
* 访问此处[http://pan.baidu.com/s/1boiCWWJ 下载地址]下载系统固件。
+
For more details about the Matrix - I2C LCD1602 Keypad refer to [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_I2C_LCD1602_Keypad this link]<br />
* 将固件解压后,在Windows下使用友善官方提供 win32diskimager 工具烧写Ubuntu-Mate即可。
+
Refer to the following diagram to connect the NanoPi M2 to the Matrix-I2C_LCD1602_Keypad:<br>
* 烧写完成后,将SD卡插入NanoPi M2,上电即可体验Ubuntu-Mate。
+
[[File:matrix-i2c_lcd1602_keypad_nanopi_M2.jpg|frameless|600px|matrix-i2c_lcd1602_keypad_nanopi_M2]]
* 登录账号:root或fa ; 登录密码:fa
+
  
===Kali===
+
Connection Details:
* 首先访问此处[http://pan.baidu.com/s/1qXf2JVm]的下载地址下载需要的固件文件;
+
{| class="wikitable"
* 准备大于8G的高速microSD卡(建议使用友善官方测试过的SD卡),并插入linux主机,通过命令sudo fdisk -l 查看该sd卡是哪个设备即/dev/sd*
+
|-
* 下载后把文件写到卡里,使用超级用户权限执行下列命令:
+
|Matrix-I2C_LCD1602_Keypad || NanoPi M2     
<syntaxhighlight lang="bash">
+
|-
xzcat kali-2.0-nanopi2.img.xz | dd of=<YOURDEVICE> bs=1m
+
|SDA    || Pin3
</syntaxhighlight>
+
|-
* 烧写完成,将卡插入设备,上电即可开始体验Kali操作系统。
+
|SCL    || Pin5
 +
|-
 +
|5V    || Pin4
 +
|-
 +
|GND    || Pin6
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Connect NanoPi M2 to SPI Device===
 +
* The Matrix-2'8_SPI_Key_TFT module is a 2.8" TFT LCD module. It uses the ST7789S IC and the XPT2046 resistive IC. The LCD's resolution is 320 * 240 and communicates via SPI. It has three programmable user keys.
 +
For more details about the Matrix-2'8_SPI_Key_TFT SPI module refer to [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_2%278_SPI_Key_TFT this link]<br />
 +
Refer to the following diagram to connect the NanoPi M2 to the Matrix-2'8_SPI_Key_TFT module:<br>
 +
[[File:Matrix-2'8_SPI_Key_TFT_nanopi2.jpg|frameless|600px|Matrix-2'8_SPI_Key_TFT_nanopi2]]
 +
 
 +
Connection Details
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
|Matrix-2'8_SPI_Key_TFT || NanoPi M2
 +
|-
 +
|GND        || Pin6
 +
|-
 +
|5V        || Pin2
 +
|-
 +
|LED_EN    || Pin11
 +
|-
 +
|LCD_RESET  || Pin7
 +
|-
 +
|LCD_D/C    || Pin22
 +
|-
 +
|LCD_CS    || Pin24
 +
|-
 +
|SPICLK    || Pin23
 +
|-
 +
|SPIMOSI    || Pin19
 +
|-
 +
|SPIMISO    || Pin21
 +
|-
 +
|T_CS      || Pin26
 +
|-
 +
|T_IRQ      || Pin18
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==Android Hardware Access==
 +
FriendlyElec developed a library called “libfriendlyarm-things.so”, for android developer to access the hardware resources on the development board in their android apps, the library is based on Android NDK.<br />
 +
Accessible Modules:
 +
* Serial Port
 +
* PWM
 +
* EEPROM
 +
* ADC
 +
* LED
 +
* LCD 1602 (I2C)
 +
* OLED (SPI)
 +
 
 +
Accessible Ports:
 +
* GPIO
 +
* Serial Port
 +
* I2C
 +
* SPI
 +
 
 +
Please refer to the following url for details:<br />
 +
* Homepage: http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/FriendlyThings
 +
* Examples: https://github.com/friendlyarm/friendlythings-examples
 +
* Guide to API: http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/FriendlyThings_APIs
 +
 
 +
{{MoreOS}}
 +
===FriendlyCore===
 +
Ubuntu Core with Qt-Embedded is a light Linux system without X-windows. It uses the Qt-Embedded's GUI and is popular in industrial and enterprise applications.
 +
Besides the regular Ubuntu core's features our Ubuntu-Core has the following additional features:
 +
* it supports our LCDs with both capacitive touch and resistive touch(S700, X710, S70)
 +
* it supports WiFi
 +
* it supports Ethernet
 +
* it supports Bluetooth and has been installed with bluez utilities
 +
* it supports audio playing
 +
For more details refer to [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Ubuntu_Core_with_Qt-Embedded Ubuntu Core with Qt-Embedded].
 +
 
 +
==Source Code and Image Files Download Links==
 +
* Images File: [http://download.friendlyelec.com/nanopim2]
 +
* Source Code: [https://github.com/friendlyarm]
 +
 
 +
==3D Housing Printing Files==
 +
* NanoPi M2 3D Housing Printing Files: [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/File:NanoPiM23D%E6%89%93%E5%8D%B0.7z]
 +
[[File:NanoPi2-M2-3D打印frameless.jpg|500px|3D打印M2]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Resources==
 +
* 《创客秘籍》[http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/File:%E5%88%9B%E5%AE%A2%E7%A7%98%E7%B1%8D.pdf Hacker's Book in Chinese by FriendlyARM]
 +
* 《创客秘籍-02》[http://pan.baidu.com/s/1hrDu9es Hacker's Book-02 in Chinese by FriendlyARM]
 +
* 《创客秘籍-03》[http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/File:%E5%88%9B%E5%AE%A2%E7%A7%98%E7%B1%8D-03.pdf Hacker's Book-03 in Chinese by FriendlyARM]
 +
* Schematic ([http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/images/3/31/NanoPi-M2-1602-Schematic.pdf NanoPi-M2-1602-Schematic.pdf])
 +
* Dimensional Diagram ([http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/images/0/0b/NanoPi-M2-1602-Dimensions%28dxf%29.zip NanoPi-M2-1602-Dimensions(dxf).zip])
 +
* S5P4418 Datasheet ([http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/images/a/a7/Pi2_SOC_DS_0.1.pdf S5P4418_Datasheet_0.1.pdf])
 +
* Matrix Modules & Wiki Sites:
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Button Button]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_LED LED]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Analog_to_Digital_Converter A/D Converter]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Relay Relay]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_3-Axis_Digital_Accelerometer 3-Axis Digital Accelerometer]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_3-Axis_Digital_Compass 3-Axis Digital Compass]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Temperature_Sensor Temperature Sensor]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Temperature_and_Humidity_Sensor Temperature & Humidity Sensor]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Buzzer Buzzer]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Joystick Joystick]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_I2C_LCD1602_Keypad I2C(PCF8574)+LCD1602]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Sound_Sensor Sound Sensor]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Ultrasonic_Ranger Ultrasonic Ranger]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_GPS GPS]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Compact_Kit Matrix - Compact Kit]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Fire_Sensor Fire Sensor]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_CAM500A CAM500A Camera]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_BAll_Rolling_Switch BAll Rolling Switch]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_2%278_SPI_Key_TFT 2'8 SPI Key TFT 2.8" SPI LCD]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_IR_Counter IR Counter]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_IR_Receiver IR Receiver]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_L298N_Motor_Driver L298N Motor Driver]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_MQ-2_Gas_Sensor MQ-2 Gas Sensor]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_MQ-3_Gas_Sensor MQ-3 Gas Sensor]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_One_Touch_Sensor One_Touch_Sensor]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Photoresistor _Photoresistor]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Potentiometer _Potentiometer]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Pressure_and_Temperature_Sensor Pressure & Temperature Sensor]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_RGB_LED RGB LED]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_RTC RTC]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Rotary_Encoder Rotary Encoder]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Soil_Moisture_Sensor Soil Moisture Sensor]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Thermistor Thermistor]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_USB_WiFi USB WiFi]
 +
** [http://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/Matrix_-_Water_Sensor Water Sensor]
 +
 
 +
==Tech Support==
 +
If you have any further questions please visit our forum[http://www.friendlyarm.com/Forum/] and post a message or email us at techsupport@friendlyarm.com.  We will endeavor to get back to you as soon as possible.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Update Log==
 +
===March-01-2016===
 +
* Released English Version
 +
 
 +
===March-03-2016===
 +
* Modified section 2
 +
 
 +
===March-04-2016===
 +
* added section 10
 +
 
 +
===March-07-2016===
 +
* rewrote section 1
 +
 
 +
===March-17-2016===
 +
* Updated Kali and Ubuntu-Mate download links
 +
 
 +
===March-18-2016===
 +
* Modified section 4.3.1
 +
 
 +
===March-27-2016===
 +
* Corrected expression errors
  
说明:此文件系统是由Kali官方制作,我们仅提供下载链接供爱好者使用,不对此做技术支持。
+
===April-08-2016===
 +
* Added sections 5.3, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7
 +
* Updated sections 8.1 and 11
  
==源代码和固件下载链接==
+
===July-05-2016===
* 烧写固件下载链接:[http://wiki.friendlyarm.com/wiki/nanopi2/download/]
+
* Rewrote section 4.3.3 and 6.5
* 源代码下载链接:[https://github.com/friendlyarm]
+
  
==资源链接==
+
===Nov-03-2016===
* 原理图 ([http://wiki.friendlyarm.com/wiki/images/3/31/NanoPi-M2-1602-Schematic.pdf NanoPi-M2-1602-Schematic.pdf])
+
* Updated sections 4.3.1, 7.2 and 7.4
* 尺寸图 ([http://wiki.friendlyarm.com/wiki/images/0/0b/NanoPi-M2-1602-Dimensions%28dxf%29.zip NanoPi-M2-1602-Dimensions(dxf).zip])
+
* S5P4418 Datasheet ([http://wiki.friendlyarm.com/wiki/images/a/a7/Pi2_SOC_DS_0.1.pdf S5P4418_Datasheet_0.1.pdf])
+
  
==更新日志==
+
===Dec-07-2016===
 +
* Updated sections 6.5

Latest revision as of 11:04, 4 September 2023

查看中文

1 Introduction

Overview
Front
Back
frameless
  • The NanoPi M2 is another Samsung 4418 based ARM board released by FriendlyARM after the NanoPi 2 and NanoPi 2 Fire. It is only two thirds the size of the Raspberry Pi. It is open source. It works with Ubuntu Core, Ubuntu Mate, Debian, Android 5.1 and etc.
  • Compared to the Raspberry Pi 2 the NanoPi M2 uses the Samsung Cortex-A9 S5P4418 Soc. It integrates Gbps Ethernet, AXP228 PMU which supports software power-on/off and wake up functions. It can be powered via the MicroUSB port
  • In such a small board it still integrates rich interfaces and ports. Besides the popular HDMI, 3.5mm audio jack, onboard microphone, four USB hosts and Gbit Ethernet it has a Raspberry Pi compatible 40 pin GPIO pin header and various video interfaces such as a DVP camera interface, an LCD interface which supports I2C capacitive LCD and etc. In addition, for user’s convenience it has a serial debug port for debugging and development.

2 Hardware Spec

  • CPU: S5P4418, 400Mhz~1.4GHz
  • DDR3 RAM: 32bit 1GB DDR3
  • MicroSD Slot x1
  • Connectivity: Gbps Ethernet port(RTL8211E)
  • Audio: 3.5mm audio jack/Via HDMI
  • Microphone: 1 x onboard Microphone
  • USB Host: 4 x USB 2.0 Host, two are standard type A ports and the other two are 2.54mm pitch pin headers
  • Micro USB: 1 x USB 2.0 Client
  • LCD Interface: 0.5 mm pitch SMT FPC seat, for full-color LCD (RGB: 8-8-8)
  • HDMI: HDMI 1.4A, Type-A, 1080P60
  • DVP Camera Interface: 0.5mm pitch FPC socket. It includes ITU-R BT 601/656 8-bit, I2C and IO
  • GPIO1: 2.54mm pitch 40pin, compatible with Raspberry Pi's GPIO. It includes UART, SPI, I2C, PWM, IO etc
  • Debug Serial Port: 4Pin 2.54mm pitch pin header
  • User Key: 1 x Power , 1 x Reset
  • LED: 1 x Power LED, 1 x System LED
  • RTC: RTC Pins
  • Power: DC 5V/2A
  • PCB Dimension(mm): 64 x 56, Six Layer
  • Temperature measuring range: -10℃ to 80℃
  • OS/Software: u-boot, Android5.1/4.4, Debian Jessie 8

compact

3 Diagram, Layout and Dimension

3.1 Layout

NanoPi M2 Interfaces and Ports
NanoPi M201 Interfaces and Ports
  • GPIO1 Pin Spec
Pin# Name Pin# Name
1 SYS_3.3V 2 VDD_5V
3 I2C0_SDA 4 VDD_5V
5 I2C0_SCL 6 DGND
7 GPIOD8/PPM 8 UART3_TXD/GPIOD21
9 DGND 10 UART3_RXD/GPIOD17
11 UART4_TX/GPIOB29 12 GPIOD1/PWM0
13 GPIOB30 14 DGND
15 GPIOB31 16 GPIOC14/PWM2
17 SYS_3.3V 18 GPIOB27
19 SPI0_MOSI/GPIOC31 20 DGND
21 SPI0_MISO/GPIOD0 22 UART4_RX/GPIOB28
23 SPI0_CLK/GPIOC29 24 SPI0_CS/GPIOC30
25 DGND 26 GPIOB26
27 I2C1_SDA 28 I2C1_SCL
29 GPIOC8 30 DGND
31 GPIOC7 32 GPIOC28
33 GPIOC13/PWM1 34 DGND
35 SPI2_MISO/GPIOC11 36 SPI2_CS/GPIOC10
37 AliveGPIO3 38 SPI2_MOSI/GPIOC12
39 DGND 40 SPI2_CLK/GPIOC9

This GPIO pin spec is a little bit different from that of the NanoPi 2. Here is a comparison table of the two:40 pins GPIO comparison table

  • Debug Port(UART0)
Pin# Name
1 DGND
2 VDD_5V
3 UART_TXD0
4 UART_RXD0
  • DVP Camera IF Pin Spec
Pin# Name
1, 2 SYS_3.3V
7,9,13,15,24 DGND
3 I2C0_SCL
4 I2C0_SDA
5 GPIOB14
6 GPIOB16
8,10 NC
11 VSYNC
12 HREF
14 PCLK
16-23 Data bit7-0
  • RGB LCD IF Pin Spec
Pin# Name Description
1, 2 VDD_5V 5V Output, it can be used to power LCD modules
11,20,29, 37,38,39,40, 45 DGND Gound
3-10 Blue LSB to MSB RGB blue
12-19 Green LSB to MSB RGB green
21-28 Red LSB to MSB RGB red
30 GPIOB25 available for users
31 GPIOC15 occupied by FriendlyARM one wire technology to recognize LCD models and control backlight and implement resistive touch, not applicable for users
32 XnRSTOUT Form CPU low when system is reset
33 VDEN signal the external LCD that data is valid on the data bus
34 VSYNC vertical synchronization
35 HSYNC horizontal synchronization
36 LCDCLK LCD clock, Pixel frequency
41 I2C2_SCL I2C2 clock signal, for capacitive touch data transmission
42 I2C2_SDA I2C2 data signal, for capacitive touch data transmission
43 GPIOC16 interrupt pin for capacitive touch, used with I2C2
44 NC not connected
Note
  1. SYS_3.3V: 3.3V power output
  2. VVDD_5V: 5V power input/output. When the external device’s power is greater than the MicroUSB’s the external device is charging the board otherwise the board powers the external device. The input range is 4.7V ~ 5.6V
  3. All pins are 3.3V, output current is 5mA
  4. GPIO1's pin spec is a little bit different from that of the NanoPi 2. Refer to this comparison table 40 pins GPIO comparison table
  5. For more details refer to the document: NanoPi-M2-1602-Schematic.pdf

3.2 Board Dimension

NanoPi M2 Dimensions

For more details refer to the document: NanoPi-M2-1602-Dimensions(dxf).zip

4 Get Started

4.1 Essentials You Need

Before starting to use your NanoPi M2 get the following items ready

  • NanoPi M2
  • microSD Card/TFCard: Class 10 or Above, minimum 8GB SDHC
  • microUSB power. A 5V/2A power is a must
  • HDMI monitor or LCD
  • USB keyboard and mouse
  • A host computer running Ubuntu 18.04 64 bit system

4.2 TF Cards We Tested

To make your device boot and run fast we highly recommend you use a Class10 8GB SDHC TF card or a better one. The following cards are what we used in all our test cases presented here:

  • Sandisk MicroSDHC V30 32GB Extreme Pro (Developer choice)

SanDiskExtremePro

  • SanDisk 32GB High Endurance Video MicroSDHC Card with Adapter for Dash Cam and Home Monitoring Systems (High reliability)

SanDiskHighEndurance

  • SanDisk TF 8G Class10 Micro/SD High Speed TF card:

SanDisk microSD 8G

  • SanDisk TF128G MicroSDXC TF 128G Class10 48MB/S:

SanDisk microSD 128G

  • 川宇 8G C10 High Speed class10 micro SD card:

chuanyu microSD 8G

4.3 Make an Installation MicroSD Card

4.3.1 Under Windows

Get the following files from here:[http://download.friendlyelec.com/nanopim2 to download image files.

  • Get a 4G SDHC card and backup its data if necessary.
Image Files
s5p4418-debian-sd4g-YYYYMMDD.img.zip Debian image file with X Window
s5p4418-debian-wifiap-sd4g-YYYYMMDD.img.zip Debian image file with X Window and WiFi configured as AP
s5p4418-kitkat-sd4g-YYYYMMDD.img.zip Android4.4 image file with support for 4G LTE
s5p4418-android-sd4g-YYYYMMDD.img.zip Android5.1 image file
s5p4418-ubuntu-core-qte-sd4g-YYYYMMDD.img.zip Ubuntu core with Qt Embedded
Flash Utility:
win32diskimager.rar Windows utility. Under Linux users can use "dd"
  • Uncompress these files. Insert an SD card(at least 4G) into a Windows PC and run the win32diskimager utility as administrator. On the utility's main window select your SD card's drive, the wanted image file and click on "write" to start flashing the SD card.
  • Insert this card into your NanoPi M2 and power on (with a 5V/2A power source). If the green LED is on and the blue LED is blinking this indicates your NanoPi M2 has successfully booted.

4.3.2 Under Linux Desktop

  • 1) Insert your microSD card into your host running Ubuntu and check your SD card's device name
dmesg | tail

Search the messages output by "dmesg" for similar words like "sdc: sdc1 sdc2". If you can find them it means your SD card is recognized as "/dev/sdc". Or you can check that by commanding "cat /proc/partitions"

  • 2) Download Flashing Script
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_s5p4418.git
cd sd-fuse_s5p4418
  • 3) Flash Android Firmware to MicroSD Card
su
./fusing.sh /dev/sdx

(Note: you need to replace "/dev/sdx" with the device name in your system)
When you do “git clone” you have to hit “Y” within 10 seconds after it prompts you to download image files otherwise you will miss the download.

  • 4) Flash Debian Firmware to MicroSD Card
./fusing.sh /dev/sdx debian

4.3.3 Extend NanoPi M2's TF Card Section

  • When Debian/Ubuntu is loaded the TF card's section will be automatically extended.
  • When Android is loaded you need to run the following commands on your host PC to extend your TF card's section:
sudo umount /dev/sdx?
sudo parted /dev/sdx unit % resizepart 4 100 resizepart 7 100 unit MB print
sudo resize2fs -f /dev/sdx7

(Note: you need to replace "/dev/sdx" with the device name in your system)

4.3.4 LCD/HDMI Resolution

When the system boots our uboot will check whether it is connected to an LCD or to an HDMI monitor. If it recognizes an LCD it will configure its resolution. Our uboot defaults to the HDMI 720P configuration.
If you want to modify the LCD resolution you can modify file "arch/arm/plat-s5p4418/nanopi2/lcds.c" in the kernel and recompile it.
If your NanoPi M2 is connected an HDMI monitor and it runs Android it will automatically set the resolution to an appropriate HDMI mode by checking the "EDID". If your NanoPi M2 is connected an HDMI monitor and it runs Debian by default it will set the resolution to HDMI 720P. If you want to modify the resolution to 1080P modify your kernel's configuration as explained above.

4.4 Update Image Files in MicroSD Card From PC Host

If you want to make some changes to the image files in your MicroSD card follow steps below otherwise you can skip this section.
Insert your MicroSD card into a PC host running Linux, mount the boot and rootfs sections of the SD card and follow the steps below:
1) If you want to change your kernel command line parameters you can do it via the fw_setevn utility under "sd-fuse_s5p4418/tools".
Check the current Command Line:

cd sd-fuse_s5p4418/tools
./fw_printenv /dev/sdc | grep bootargs

Android 5.1.1_r6 starts SELinux. By default it is enforcing. You can change it this way:

./fw_setenv /dev/sdc bootargs XXX androidboot.selinux=permissive

This sets it to "permissive". The "XXX" stands for the original bootargs' value.

2) Update Kernel
Our customized uboot will check the LCD type when it boots.
For a non-Android OS If it recognizes an LCD connected to the NanoPi M2 it will load "uImage" from "boot" otherwise it will load "uImage.hdmi".
For Android it doesn't make any difference which display device is detected. You can use your generated uImage to replace the existing one under "boot".
For Debian if your generated kernel is for an LCD you need to replace the existing uImage or if your kernel is for HDMI you need to replace the existing uImage.hdmi.

4.5 Run Android or Debian

  • Insert a MicroSD card with Android/Debian image files into your NanoPi M2, connect the NanoPi M2 to an HDMI monitor and a 5V/2A power source the NanoPi M2 will be automatically powered up. If you can see the blue LED flashing it means your board is working and you will see Android/Debain loading on the HDMI monitor.

1)If you connect the NanoPi M2 to an HDMI monitor you need to use a USB mouse and a USB keyboard to operate. If you connect it to an LCD with capacitive touch you can operate directly on the LCD.
2)If you want to do kernel development you'd better have a serial comms board which will allow you to operate the board via a serial terminal.

  • Here is a setup where we connect a NanoPi M2 to a PC running Ubuntu and Minicom via a serial cable you will see system messages output to the PC’s minicom terminal:

PSU-ONECOM-M2

  • Under Debian the password for "root" is "fa".

5 Working with Debian

5.1 Ethernet Connection

If the NanoPi M2 is connected to a network via Ethernet before it is powered on it will automatically obtain an IP after it has powered up. If it is not connected via Ethernet or its DHCP is not activated obtaining an IP will fail and system will hang on for about 15 to 60 seconds

  • 1) Setup MAC Address

The NanoPi M2 by default doesn't have a valid MAC address. If the board connects a network successfully it will automatically generates a random MAC in "/etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0". Users can change it to a self-defined valid one:

vi /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0

Here is the content of a sample configuration file:

auto eth0
allow-hotplug eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
hwaddress 76:92:d4:85:f3:0f

The "hwaddress" specifies the MAC address. Here the "76:92:d4:85:f3:0f" is a random MAC. We suggest users change it to a valid one.
Note: when you reset the MAC make sure your MAC meets IEEE's definition otherwise it will cause unexpected issues. After you make your change, save, exit and reboot your board or run the following commands to restart the network:

systemctl restart networking

5.2 Install Debian Packages

We provide a Debian Jessie image. You can install Jessie's packages by commanding "apt-get". If this is your first installation you need to update the package list by running the following command:

apt-get update

You can install your preferred packages. For example if you want to install an FTP server you can do this:

apt-get install vsftpd

Note: you can change your download server by editting "/etc/apt/sources.list". You can get a complete server list from [1]. You need to select the one with "armhf".

5.3 HDMI Audio Output/3.5mm Audio Jack Output Under Debian

By default our Debian system's HDMI output doesn't have audio output. To enable the HDMI audio output you need to install the alsa packages
Firstly, make sure your board runs our latest Debian image and is connected to the internet:
After your board is powered up run the following commands:

apt-get update
apt-get install libasound2
apt-get install alsa-base
apt-get install alsa-utils

After the installation is done copy a ".wav" audio file to your NanoPi M2, connect your NanoPi M2 to an HDMI monitor and play it by using the following command:

aplay music.wav

Our Debian system's default audio output is the 3.5mm audio jack. You can turn on the HDMI audio by editting the /etc/asound.conf file:

pcm.!default {
    type hw
    card 1
    device 0
}
 
ctl.!default {
    type hw
    card 1
}

card 0 points to the 3.5mm audio jack and card 1 points to the HDMI audio. You need to save your changes and reboot your system to make your changes take effect.

6 Make Your Own OS Image

6.1 Setup Development Environment

Install Cross Compiler:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/prebuilts.git -b master --depth 1
cd prebuilts/gcc-x64
cat toolchain-4.9.3-armhf.tar.gz* | sudo tar xz -C /

Then add the compiler's directory to "PATH" by appending the following lines in "~/.bashrc":

export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/4.9.3/bin:$PATH
export GCC_COLORS=auto

Execute "~/.bashrc" to make the changes into effect. Note that there is a space after the first ".":

. ~/.bashrc

This compiler is a 64-bit one therefore it cannot be run on a 32-bit Linux. After the compiler is installed you can verify it by running the following commands:

arm-linux-gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=arm-linux-gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/4.9.3/libexec/gcc/arm-cortexa9-linux-gnueabihf/4.9.3/lto-wrapper
Target: arm-cortexa9-linux-gnueabihf
Configured with: /work/toolchain/build/src/gcc-4.9.3/configure --build=x86_64-build_pc-linux-gnu
--host=x86_64-build_pc-linux-gnu --target=arm-cortexa9-linux-gnueabihf --prefix=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/4.9.3
--with-sysroot=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/4.9.3/arm-cortexa9-linux-gnueabihf/sys-root --enable-languages=c,c++
--with-arch=armv7-a --with-tune=cortex-a9 --with-fpu=vfpv3 --with-float=hard
...
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.9.3 (ctng-1.21.0-229g-FA)

6.2 Compile U-Boot

Download the U-Boot source code and compile it. Note that the github's branch is nanopi2-lollipop-mr1:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/uboot_nanopi2.git
cd uboot_nanopi2
git checkout nanopi2-lollipop-mr1
make s5p4418_nanopi2_config
make CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-

After your compilation succeeds a u-boot.bin will be generated. If you want to test it flash it to your installation MicroSD card via fastboot. Here is how you can do it:
1) On your PC host run "sudo apt-get install android-tools-fastboot" to install the fastboot utility;
2) Connect your NanoPi M2 to your PC host via a serial cable (e.g. PSU-ONECOME). Press the enter key within two seconds right after you power on your NanoPi M2 and you will enter uboot's command line mode;
3) After type in "fastboot" and press "enter" you will enter the fastboot mode;
4) Connect your NanoPi M2 to this PC host via a microUSB cable and type in the following command to flash the u-boot.bin:

fastboot flash bootloader u-boot.bin


Warning: you cannot update this MicroSD card by commanding "dd". This command will cause trouble when booting the NanoPi M2.

6.3 Prepare mkimage

You need the mkimage utility to compile a U-Boot source code package. Make sure this utility works well on your host before you start compiling a uImage.
You can install this utility by either commanding "sudo apt-get install u-boot-tools" or following the commands below:

cd uboot_nanopi2
make CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux- tools
sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/sbin && sudo cp -v tools/mkimage /usr/local/sbin

6.4 Compile Linux kernel

6.4.1 Compile Kernel

  • Download Kernel Source Code
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/linux-3.4.y.git
cd linux-3.4.y
git checkout nanopi2-lollipop-mr1

The NanoPi M2's kernel source code lies in the "nanopi2-lollipop-mr1" branch.

  • Compile Android Kernel
make nanopi2_android_defconfig
touch .scmversion
make uImage
  • Compile Debian Kernel
make nanopi2_linux_defconfig
touch .scmversion
make uImage

After your compilation succeeds a uImage will be generated in the "arch/arm/boot/uImage" directory. This kernel is for HDMI 720P. You can use it to replace the existing uImage.hdmi
If you want to generate a kernel for HDMI 1080P you can do it this way:

touch .scmversion
make nanopi2_linux_defconfig
make menuconfig
  Device Drivers -->
    Graphics support -->
      Nexell Graphics -->
        [ ] LCD
        [*] HDMI
        (0)   Display In  [0=Display 0, 1=Display 1]
              Resolution (1920 * 1080p)  --->
make uImage

After your compilation succeeds a uImage will be generated for HDMI 1080P. You can use it to replace the existing uImage.
If you want to generate a kernel for LCD you can do it this way:

touch .scmversion
make nanopi2_linux_defconfig
make menuconfig
  Device Drivers -->
    Graphics support -->
      Nexell Graphics -->
        [*] LCD
        [ ] HDMI
make uImage

After your compilation succeeds a uImage will be generated for LCD. You can use it to replace the existing uImage.

6.4.2 Compile Kernel Modules

Android contains kernel modules which are in the "/lib/modules" directory in the system section. If you want to add your own modules to the kernel or you changed your kernel configurations you need to recompile these new modules.
Compile Original Kernel Modules:

cd linux-3.4.y
make CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux- modules

Here we have two new modules and we can compile them by following the commands below:

cd /opt/FriendlyARM/s5p4418/android
./vendor/friendly-arm/build/common/build-modules.sh

The "/opt/FriendlyARM/s5p4418/android" directory points to the top directory of Android source code. You can get more details by specifying option "-h".
After your compilation succeeds new modules will be generated

6.5 Compile Android

  • Install Cross Compiler

Installing 64 bit Ubuntu 16.04 on your PC host.

sudo apt-get install bison g++-multilib git gperf libxml2-utils make python-networkx zip
sudo apt-get install flex libncurses5-dev zlib1g-dev gawk minicom

For more details refer to https://source.android.com/source/initializing.html

  • Download Source Code(Android 5.1)

You need to use repo to get the Android source code. Refer to https://source.android.com/source/downloading.html

mkdir android && cd android
repo init -u https://github.com/friendlyarm/android_manifest.git -b nanopi2-lollipop-mr1
repo sync

The "android" directory is the working directory.

If you want to try Android4.4's source code you can run the following commands:

mkdir android && cd android
repo init -u https://github.com/friendlyarm/android_manifest.git -b nanopi2-kitkat
repo sync

Option "-b" specifies a branch

  • Compile System Package
source build/envsetup.sh
lunch aosp_nanopi2-userdebug
make -j8

After your compilation succeeds the following files will be generated in the "out/target/product/nanopi2/" directory.

filename partition Description
boot.img boot -
cache.img cache -
userdata.img userdata -
system.img system -
partmap.txt - partition description file
  • Flash Image to TF Card

If you want to boot your board from a TF card you can copy your generated image files to your card's sd-fuse_s5p4418/android/ direcroty and flash the image to the card with our script. For more details refer to #Under Linux Desktop.

7 Connect NanoPi M2 to External Modules

7.1 Connect NanoPi M2 to USB Camera(FA-CAM202)

  • In this use case the NanoPi M2 runs Debian. If you connect your NanoPi M2 to our LCD or an HDMI monitor after Debain is fully loaded click on "other"-->"xawtv" on the left bottom of the GUI and the USB Camera application will be started. After enter "welcome to xawtv!" click on "OK" to start exploring.

USB camera-M2

7.2 Connect NanoPi M2 to CMOS 5M-Pixel Camera

For more details about the CAM500B camera refer to [1]

  • If your NanoPi M2 runs Android5.1 and it is connected to our LCD or an HDMI monitor after Android is fully loaded click on the "Camera" icon and the application will be started. You can take pictures or record videos

CMOS camera-M2

  • Under Debian/Ubuntu a camera utility "nanocams" is available for previewing 40 frames and picture taking. You can try it by following the commands below
sudo nanocams -p 1 -n 40 -c 4 -o IMG001.jpg

For more details about the usage of the nanocams run "nanocams -h". You can get its source code from our git hub:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/nexell_linux_platform.git

7.3 Use OpenCV to Access USB Camera

  • The full name of "OpenCV" is Open Source Computer Vision Library and it is a cross platform vision library.
  • When the NanoPi M2 runs Debian users can use OpenCV APIs to access a USB Camera device.

1. Here is a guideline on how to use OpenCV with C++ on the NanoPi M2:

  • Firstly you need to make sure your NanoPi M2 is connected to the internet.Login to your NanoPi M2 via a serial terminal or SSH. After login type in your username(root) and password(fa):
  • Run the following commands:
apt-get update
apt-get install libcv-dev libopencv-dev

2. Make sure your USB camera works with the NanoPi M2. You can test your camera with NanoPi M2's camera utility.
3. Check your camera device:

ls /dev/video*
  • Note:in our case "video0" was the camera's device name.

4. OpenCV's code sample(Official Code Sample in C++) under /home/fa/Documents/opencv-demo. You can compile it by running the following command:

cd /home/fa/Documents/opencv-demo
make

If it is compiled successfully a demo executable will be generated

5. Connect NanoPi M2 to a USB Keyboard & Run the Following Command:

./demo

7.4 Connect NanoPi M2 to USB WiFi

Our system has support for popular USB WiFi drivers. Many USB WiFi modules are plug and play with our system. Here is a list of models we tested;

Number Model
1 RTL8188CUS/8188EU 802.11n WLAN Adapter
2 RT2070 Wireless Adapter
3 RT2870/RT3070 Wireless Adapter
4 RTL8192CU Wireless Adapter
5 MI WiFi mt7601

If you NanoPi M2 is connected to a USB WiFi and is powered up you can log into M2 and run the following command to check if the USB WiFi is recognized. If "wlan0" is listed it indicates your USB WiFi has been recognized:

ifconfig -a

Open the /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf file and append the following lines:

network={
        ssid="YourWiFiESSID"
        psk="YourWiFiPassword"
}

The "YourWiFiESSID" and "YourWiFiPassword" need to be replaced with your actual ESSID and password.
Save, exit and run the following commands to connect to your WiFi router:

ifdown wlan0
ifup wlan0

If your WiFi password has special characters or you don't want your password saved as plain text you can use "wpa_passphrase" to generate a psk for your WiFi password. Here is how you can do it:

wpa_passphrase YourWiFiESSID

Following the prompt type in your password and you will get a new password in the /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf file. Now you can replace the existing password in the wlan0 file with the new one.

  • Click on here to enter the kernel compilation [2]

7.5 Connect NanoPi M2 to Matrix GPS Module

  • The Matrix-GPS module is a small GPS module with high performance. It can be used in navigation devices, four-axle drones and etc.
  • The Matrix-GPS module uses serial communication. When the NanoPi M2 is connected to the Matrix GPS module, after the NanoPi M2 is powered up type in the following command in a terminal or click on the xgps icon it will be started.
$su - fa -c "DISPLAY=:0 xgps 127.0.0.1:9999"
  • Or on the Debian GUI start the LXTerminal, type in "xgps" and enter it will be started too.

For more details about this GPS module refer to this link
Refer to the following diagram to connect the NanoPi M2 to the Matrix-GPS:
GPS_NanoPi_M2

Connection Details:

Matrix-GPS NanoPi M2
RXD Pin8
TXD Pin10
5V Pin4
GND Pin6

7.6 Connect NanoPi M2 to I2C Device

  • The Matrix-I2C_LCD1602_Keypad module is an easy-to-use display module based on the LCD1602. This module integrates the LCD1602 and the MCP23017 module. It has five programmable keys which allow users to control the LCD1602's display and external devices connected to the module.
  • The MCP23017 communicates through I2C interface. You can learn how the NanoPi M2 communicates to an I2C device by studying this module.

For more details about the Matrix - I2C LCD1602 Keypad refer to this link
Refer to the following diagram to connect the NanoPi M2 to the Matrix-I2C_LCD1602_Keypad:
matrix-i2c_lcd1602_keypad_nanopi_M2

Connection Details:

Matrix-I2C_LCD1602_Keypad NanoPi M2
SDA Pin3
SCL Pin5
5V Pin4
GND Pin6

7.7 Connect NanoPi M2 to SPI Device

  • The Matrix-2'8_SPI_Key_TFT module is a 2.8" TFT LCD module. It uses the ST7789S IC and the XPT2046 resistive IC. The LCD's resolution is 320 * 240 and communicates via SPI. It has three programmable user keys.

For more details about the Matrix-2'8_SPI_Key_TFT SPI module refer to this link
Refer to the following diagram to connect the NanoPi M2 to the Matrix-2'8_SPI_Key_TFT module:
Matrix-2'8_SPI_Key_TFT_nanopi2

Connection Details

Matrix-2'8_SPI_Key_TFT NanoPi M2
GND Pin6
5V Pin2
LED_EN Pin11
LCD_RESET Pin7
LCD_D/C Pin22
LCD_CS Pin24
SPICLK Pin23
SPIMOSI Pin19
SPIMISO Pin21
T_CS Pin26
T_IRQ Pin18

8 Android Hardware Access

FriendlyElec developed a library called “libfriendlyarm-things.so”, for android developer to access the hardware resources on the development board in their android apps, the library is based on Android NDK.
Accessible Modules:

  • Serial Port
  • PWM
  • EEPROM
  • ADC
  • LED
  • LCD 1602 (I2C)
  • OLED (SPI)

Accessible Ports:

  • GPIO
  • Serial Port
  • I2C
  • SPI

Please refer to the following url for details:

9 More OS Support

9.1 DietPi

Dietpi-logo.png
DietPi is a highly optimised & minimal Debian-based Linux distribution. DietPi is extremely lightweight at its core, and also extremely easy to install and use.
Setting up a single board computer (SBC) or even a computer, for both regular or server use, takes time and skill. DietPi provides an easy way to install and run favourite software you choose.
For more information, please visit this link https://dietpi.com/docs/.

DietPi supports many of the NanoPi board series, you may download the image file from here:

9.2 FriendlyCore

Ubuntu Core with Qt-Embedded is a light Linux system without X-windows. It uses the Qt-Embedded's GUI and is popular in industrial and enterprise applications. Besides the regular Ubuntu core's features our Ubuntu-Core has the following additional features:

  • it supports our LCDs with both capacitive touch and resistive touch(S700, X710, S70)
  • it supports WiFi
  • it supports Ethernet
  • it supports Bluetooth and has been installed with bluez utilities
  • it supports audio playing

For more details refer to Ubuntu Core with Qt-Embedded.

10 Source Code and Image Files Download Links

  • Images File: [3]
  • Source Code: [4]

11 3D Housing Printing Files

  • NanoPi M2 3D Housing Printing Files: [5]

3D打印M2


12 Resources

13 Tech Support

If you have any further questions please visit our forum[6] and post a message or email us at techsupport@friendlyarm.com. We will endeavor to get back to you as soon as possible.


14 Update Log

14.1 March-01-2016

  • Released English Version

14.2 March-03-2016

  • Modified section 2

14.3 March-04-2016

  • added section 10

14.4 March-07-2016

  • rewrote section 1

14.5 March-17-2016

  • Updated Kali and Ubuntu-Mate download links

14.6 March-18-2016

  • Modified section 4.3.1

14.7 March-27-2016

  • Corrected expression errors

14.8 April-08-2016

  • Added sections 5.3, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7
  • Updated sections 8.1 and 11

14.9 July-05-2016

  • Rewrote section 4.3.3 and 6.5

14.10 Nov-03-2016

  • Updated sections 4.3.1, 7.2 and 7.4

14.11 Dec-07-2016

  • Updated sections 6.5