Difference between revisions of "NanoPi R4S"

Revision as of 05:26, 15 February 2023

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1 Introduction

Overview

Front

Back

Front

Back

Case

Case

Case

Case

• The NanoPi R4S(as "R4S") is an open source platform with dual-Gbps Ethernet ports designed and developed by FriendlyElec for IoT applications.
• The NanoPi R4S uses the RK3399 SoC. It has two Gbps Ethernet ports and 1G/4G DDR4 RAM. FriendlyElec ported an OpenWrt system for it. It works with Docker CE. It is a good platform for developing IoT applications, NAS applications etc.

2 Hardware Spec

• SoC: Rockchip RK3399
  • CPU: big.LITTLE，Dual-Core Cortex-A72(up to 2.0GHz) + Quad-Core Cortex-A53(up to 1.5GHz)
  • GPU: Mali-T864 GPU，supports OpenGL ES1.1/2.0/3.0/3.1, OpenCL, DX11, and AFBC
  • VPU: 4K VP9 and 4K 10bits H265/H264 60fps decoding, Dual VOP, etc
• PMU: RK808-D PMIC, cooperated with independent DC/DC, enabling DVFS, software power-down, RTC wake-up, system sleep mode
• RAM: 1GB DDR3/4GB LPDDR4
• Flash: no Onboard eMMC
• Ethernet: one Native Gigabit Ethernet, and one PCIe Gigabit Ethernet
• USB: two USB 3.0 Type-A ports
• Pin header extension interface
  • 2x5-pin header: SPI x 1, I2C x 1
  • 4-pin header: USB 2.0
• microSD Slot x 1
• Debug: one Debug UART, 3 Pin 2.54mm header, 3V level, 1500000bps
• LEDs: 1 x power LED and 3 x GPIO Controlled LED (SYS, LAN, WAN)
• others:
  • 2 Pin 1.27/1.25mm RTC battery input connector
  • one User Button
  • one 5V Fan connector
• Power supply: DC 5V/3A, via USB-C connector or Pin header
• PCB: 8 Layer, 66 mm x 66 mm
• Temperature measuring range: 0℃ to 80℃

3 Diagram, Layout and Dimension

3.1 Layout

NanoPi R4S Layout

NanoPi R4S Layout

• 2x5-pin header

Pin#	Assignment	Pin#	Assignment
1	VDD_5V	2	VDD_3.3V
3	VDD_5V	4	GPIO4_C0/I2C3_SDA(3V)
5	GND	6	GPIO4_C1/I2C3_SCL(3V)
7	GPIO1_B1/SPI1_CLK	8	GPIO1_B0/SPI1_TXD/UART4-TX
9	GPIO1_B2/SPI1_CSn	10	GPIO1_A7/SPI1_RXD/UART4-RX

• 4-pin header

1	2	3	4
VDD_5V	USB_DM	USB_DP	GND

• Debug UART Pin Spec

3V level signals, 1500000bps

Pin#	Assignment	Description
1	GND	0V
2	UART2DBG_TX	output
3	UART2DBG_RX	intput

• USB Port

Each USB 3.0 port has 2A overcurrent protection.

• RTC

RTC backup current is 27uA.

Connector P/N: Molex 53398-0271

Notes

1. Power Input : 5V/3A, via USB Type-C(USB PD Specification is not supported) or Pin1&Pin2 of the 2x5-pin header

3.2 Differences Between R4S Standard Version & R4S Enterprise Version

The R4S Enterprise version has a built-in EEPROM chip (Model: 24AA025E48T) which has a globally unique MAC address. This is a permanent and temper-proof address.
The R4S Standard version doesn't have this chip and has a MAC address that is generated by a software utility. Apart from this difference, the two versions have the same hardware configuration.

The Standard version doesn't have a MAC-address built-in EEPROM chip while the Enterprise version does. Both the Standard version and the Enterprise version have the same network chips (RealTek RTL8211E and R8111H). For more details please refer to the following screenshot. Retail users are recommended to choose a Standard version and enterprise users are recommended to choose an Enterprise version.

Tips: most of the existing embedded ARM boards such as RPi 3B have MAC addresses that are generated via software utilities. This generally doesn't have impact on network communication. Globally unique MAC addresses lead to better network performance in complicated network situations and are better for large-scale enterprise applications that manage multiple network devices and operations such as IP binding.

Position of the EEPROM Chip:


The NanoPi R4S Enterprise version has a globally unique MAC address which is by default allocated to the CPU's internal Ethernet (rtl8211e) and the name of the device is eth0. This device is named "LAN2" on the PCB and "WAN" on the board's case. This has been configured by default in FriendlyWrt.
Check MAC address on FriendlyWrt's website:


Check it in a command-line utility:


How to check whether or not it is a globally unique MAC address:

• Check the first byte of the address. If bit 2 is 1, it means that this address is only used locally, not globally unique.

4 Get Started

4.1 Essentials You Need

Before starting to use your NanoPi R4S get the following items ready

• NanoPi R4S
• MicroSD Card/TF Card: Class 10 or Above, minimum 8GB SDHC
• 5V/3A and above USB Type-C interface power adapter (Note: QC/PD fast charger may have compatibility issues)， it is recommended to use the following or similar power adapter:
  • 5V 4A Power Adapter
• If you need to develop and compile,you need a computer that can connect to the Internet. It is recommended to install Ubuntu 18.04 64-bit system and use the following script to initialize the development environment:
  
  • How to setup the Compiling Environment on Ubuntu bionic
    

4.2 Install OS

4.2.1 Download Image Files

4.2.2 Flash to TF

Visit download linkto download image files (in the "01_Official images/01_SD card images" directory) and utilities (in the "05_Tools" directory)：

The detailed steps are as follows:

• Get an 8G SDHC card and backup its data if necessary;
• Download and extract the xxx.img.gz and win32diskimager;
• Run the win32diskimager utility under Windows as administrator. On the utility's main window select your SD card's drive, the wanted image file and click on "write" to start flashing the SD card. Under Linux run "dd" to flash the rkXXXX-sd-OSNAME-YYYYMMDD.img file to your SD card;
• Take out the SD and insert it to NanoPi-R4S's microSD card slot;
• Power on NanoPi-R4S and it will be booted from your TF card;

5 Work with FriendlyWrt

5.1 Introduction to FriendlyWrt

FriendlyWrt is a customized system made by FriendlyElec based on an OpenWrt distribution. It is open source and well suitable for developing IoT applications, NAS applications etc.

5.2 First boot

For the first boot, the system needs to do the following initialization work：
1）Extended root file system
2）Initial setup（will execute /root/setup.sh)
So you need to wait for a while (about 2~3 minutes) to boot up for the first time, and then set FriendlyWrt, you can enter the ttyd terminal on the openwrt webpage, when the prompt is displayed as root@FriendlyWrt, it means the system has been initialized.

root@FriendlyWrt

5.3 Account & Password

The default password is password (empty password in some versions). Please set or change a safer password for web login and ssh login. It is recommended to complete this setting before connecting NanoPi-R4S to the Internet.

5.4 Login FriendlyWrt

Connect the PC to the LAN port of NanoPi-R4S. If your PC without a built-in ethernet port, connect the LAN port of the wireless AP to the LAN port of NanoPi-R4S, and then connect your PC to the wireless AP via WiFi , Enter the following URL on your PC's browser to access the admin page:

• http://friendlywrt/
• http://192.168.2.1/
• http://[fd00:ab:cd::1]

The above is the LAN port address of NanoPi-R4S. The IP address of the WAN port will be dynamically obtained from your main router through DHCP.

5.5 Recommended security settings

The following settings are highly recommended to complete before connecting NanoPi-R4S to the Internet。

• Set a secure password
• Only allow access to ssh from lan, change the port
• Check the firewall settings

Set up as you wish.

5.6 Change LAN IP in LuCI

1) Click on Network → Interfaces, then click on the Edit button of the LAN Network;
2) In General Setup tab, input new IP address (for example: 192.168.11.1), click "Save" and then click "Save & Apply";
3) On the pop-up window with the title “Connectivity change“, click "Apply and revert on connectivity loss";
4) Wait a moment, enter the new address in your computer's browser and login to FriendlyWrt;

5.7 Safe shutdown operation

Enter the "Services" -> "Terminal", enter the "poweroff" command and hit enter, wait until the led light is off, and then unplug the power supply.

5.8 Soft Factory Reset

Enter "System"->"Backup/Flash firmware"，Click “Perform reset“ Button, Your device's settings will be reset to defaults like when FriendlyWrt was first installed.
You can also do this in the terminal:

firstboot && reboot

5.9 Install Software Packages

5.9.1 Set up openwrt official opkg source

sed -i -e 's/mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/downloads.openwrt.org/g' /etc/opkg/distfeeds.conf
opkg update

5.9.2 Update Package List

Before install software packages update the package list:

$ opkg update

5.9.3 List Available Packages

$ opkg list

5.9.4 List Installed Packages

$ opkg list-installed

5.9.5 Install Packages

$ opkg install <package names>

5.9.6 Remove Packages

$ opkg remove <package names>

5.10 Disable IPv6

. /root/setup.sh
disable_ipv6
reboot

5.11 Configure the function of the user button

By default, the user button is configured to reboot the device, as shown below:

echo 'BTN_1 1 /sbin/reboot' >> /etc/triggerhappy/triggers.d/example.conf

You can change its behavior by changing the configuration file above.

5.12 Configuring Quectel EC20 (4G module) dial-up networking

• Go to "Network" -> "Interfaces"
• Click "Delete" next to "WAN6", then click "Save & Apply"
• Click "Edit" next to "WAN", in the "Device" drop-down menu, select "Ethernet Adapter: wwan0", in the "Protocol" drop-down menu, select "QMI Cellular" and click "Switch Protocol"
• Click the "Modem Device" drop-down menu, select "/dev/cdc-wdm0", fill in the APN information (e.g. for China Mobile, enter "cmnet")
• Click "Save" to close the dialog, Finally, click "Save & Apply" at the bottom of the page to initiate the dial-up process
• Devices connected to LAN will have access to the Internet, If your device has a WiFi module, you can enable wireless AP functionality on the "Wireless" page and connect to the Internet via devices connected wirelessly

5.13 Some common issues of FriendlyWrt

• Unable to dial up
  • Go to "Network" -> "Firewall" and set "Inbound Data", "Outbound Data" and "Forwarding" in "WAN Zone" to "Accept";
  • If you still cannot access the Internet, you can try to turn off IPV6;
• Dial-up successful, but no outgoing traffic
  • Go to "Services" -> "Terminal" and type "fw4 reload" to try to reload the firewall settings again;
• Unable to power on
  • Try to replace the power adapter and cable. It is recommended to use a power supply with specifications above 5V/2A;
  • Note that some fast chargers with Type-C interface will have a delay, it may take a few seconds to start providing power;
• When doing secondary routing, the computer cannot connect to the Internet
  • If your main network is IPv4, and NanoPi-R4S works in IPv6, the computer may not be able to connect to the Internet. It is recommended to turn off IPv6 (the method is described later in this WiKi), or switch the main route to IPv6;
• If you have questions or have better suggestions, please send an email to techsupport@friendlyarm.com;

5.14 Use USB2LCD to view IP and temperature

Plug the USB2LCD module to the USB interface ofNanoPi-R4S and power on, the IP address and CPU temperature will be displayed on the LCD:

5.15 How to Control Fan Speed for Cooling

（Note: The contents of this section are based on firmware released after 2021/08/31, kernel version kernel 5.10.xyz）

• The default behavior of the current PWM fan is: after a short wait (about 20 seconds) for power on, the fan will first work automatically for about 5 seconds, after which the behavior is driven by the kernel, which decides the fan on/off and the speed according to the CPU temperature.
  
• The behavior of the fan can be changed by modifying the following script: /usr/bin/fa-fancontrol.sh. For example, to change the CPU temperature when the fan starts working, you can change the following two lines:
  

echo 50000 > trip_point_3_temp  # Indicates that the fan starts working at the lowest speed when the CPU temperature reaches 50 degrees
echo 55000 > trip_point_4_temp  # Indicates that when the CPU temperature reaches 55 degrees, the fan rises to the second gear and above and automatically adjusts to the highest gear (4th gear) or reduces the speed according to the CPU cooling situation

• If you need to adjust the speed of each gear, you can modify the kernel dts file and recompile the kernel to achieve the purpose, the specific dts and modified location can be referred to the following commit: https://github.com/friendlyarm/kernel-rockchip/commit/f74ac319f02e2d22cdd33227e7f167e4232809f9
  

As shown below, the cooling-levels define 4 levels, with 0 being off and the highest level being 255:

	fan: pwm-fan {
 		compatible = "pwm-fan";
-		/* FIXME: adjust leveles for the connected fan */
-		cooling-levels = <0 12 18 255>;
+		cooling-levels = <0 18 102 170 255>;

• If you are using kernel version 4.19.xyz, the fan is operated by PWM at the application level to achieve temperature control, the above content is not applicable, you need to modify this script:

/usr/bin/fa-fancontrol-direct.sh

5.16 How to use USB WiFi

5.16.1 Check USB WiFi Device with Command Line Utility

(1) Click on "services>ttyd" to start the command line utility

(2) Make sure no USB devices are connected to your board and run the following command to check if any USB devices are connected or not

lsusb

(3) Connect a USB WiFi device to the board and run the command again

lsusb

You will see a new device is detected. In our test the device's ID was 0BDA:C811

(4) Type your device's ID (in our case it was "0BDA:C811" or "VID_0BDA&PID_C811") in a search engine and you may find a device that matches the ID. In our case the device we got was Realtek 8811CU.

5.16.2 Configure a USB WiFi Device as AP

(1) Connect a USB WiFi device to the NanoPi-R4S. We recommend you to use the following devices:

Note: devices that match these VID&PIDs would most likely work.
(2) Click on "System>Reboot" and reboot your NanoPi-R4S

(3) Click on "Network>Wireless" to enter the WiFi configuration page

(4) Click on "Edit" to edit the configuration

(5) On the "Interface Configuration" page you can set the WiFi mode and SSID, and then go to "Wireless Security" to change the password. By default the password is "password". After you make your changes click on "Save" to save

(6) After you change the settings you can use a smartphone or PC to search for WiFi

5.16.3 Common USB WiFi issues

1) It is recommended to plug in the usb wifi in the off state, then power it on, FriendlyWrt will automatically generate the configuration file /etc/config/wireless, if not, see if there is wlan0 by ifconfig -a, if there is no wlan0, usually there is no driver.
2) If ifconfig -a sees wlan0, but the hotspot is not working properly, try changing the channel and country code, an inappropriate country code can also cause the WiFi to not work.
3) Some USB WiFis (e.g. MTK MT7662) work in CD-ROM mode by default and need to be switched by usb_modeswitch, you can try to add usb_modeswitch configuration to the following directory: /etc/usb_modeswitch.d.

5.16.4 Change the default WiFi hotspot configuration

FriendlyWrt sets the country, hotspot name and other parameters for USB WiFi by default, with the aim of being as plug-and-play as possible, but this does not guarantee that all modules will be compatible with this setting, you can change these behaviors by modifying the following file：

/lib/wifi/mac80211.sh

5.17 Work with Docker Applications

5.17.1 Work with Docker: Install JellyFin

mkdir -p /jellyfin/config
mkdir -p /jellyfin/videos
docker run --restart=always -d -p 8096:8096 -v /jellyfin/config:/config -v /jellyfin/videos:/videos jellyfin/jellyfin:10.1.0-arm64 -name myjellyfin

After installation, visit port 8096 and here is what you would find:

5.17.2 Work with Docker: Install Personal Nextcloud

mkdir /nextcloud -p
docker run -d -p 8888:80  --name nextcloud  -v /nextcloud/:/var/www/html/ --restart=always --privileged=true  arm64v8/nextcloud

After installtion, visit port 8888.

5.17.3 Expand Docker Storage

• Stop docker service first:

/etc/init.d/dockerd stop

• Rename the original /opt directory, create an empty /opt directory:

mv /opt /opt-old && mkdir /opt

• Format your drive as ext4, and mount it to the /opt directory:

• Enter the command "mount | grep /opt" to check the mount status:

root@FriendlyWrt:~# mount | grep /opt
/dev/nvme0n1p1 on /opt type ext4 (rw,relatime)
root@FriendlyWrt:~#

• Copy the files from the original /opt directory to the new /opt directory:

cp -af /opt-old/* /opt/ && rm -rf /opt-old

• Reboot the device

reboot

• After reboot, go to the "Docker" -> "Overview" page, check the information in the "Docker Root Dir" line, you can see that the Docker space has been expanded:

5.17.4 Docker FAQ and solutions

5.17.4.1 Unable to access the network services provided by the Docker container

Solution:

• Go to the "Firewall" settings and set "Forwarding" to "Accept";
• Turn off "Software Offload";

5.18 Mount smbfs

mount -t cifs //192.168.1.10/shared /movie -o username=xxx,password=yyy,file_mode=0644

5.19 Use sdk to compile the package

5.19.1 Install the compilation environment

Download and run the following script on 64-bit Ubuntu (version 18.04+): How to setup the Compiling Environment on Ubuntu bionic

5.19.2 Download and decompress sdk from the network disk

The sdk is located in the toolchain directory of the network disk:

tar xvf openwrt-sdk-*-rockchip-armv8_gcc-11.2.0_musl.Linux-x86_64.tar.xz
# If the path is too long, it will cause some package compilation errors, so change the directory name here
mv openwrt-sdk-*-rockchip-armv8_gcc-11.2.0_musl.Linux-x86_64 sdk
cd sdk
./scripts/feeds update -a
./scripts/feeds install -a

5.19.3 Compile the package

download the source code of the example (a total of 3 examples are example1, example2, example3), and copy to the package directory:

git clone https://github.com/mwarning/openwrt-examples.git
cp -rf openwrt-examples/example* package/
rm -rf openwrt-examples/

Then enter the configuration menu through the following command:

make menuconfig

In the menu, select the following packages we want to compile (actually selected by default):

"Utilities" => "example1"
"Utilities" => "example3"
"Network" => "VPN" => "example2"

execute the following commands to compile the three software packages:

make package/example1/compile V=99
make package/example2/compile V=99
make package/example3/compile V=99

After the compilation is successful, you can find the ipk file in the bin directory, as shown below:

$ find ./bin -name example*.ipk
./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/example3_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/example1_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/example2_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk

5.19.4 Install the ipk to NanoPi

You can use the scp command to upload the ipk file to NanoPi:

cd ./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/
scp example*.ipk root@192.168.2.1:/root/

Then use the opkg command to install them:

cd /root/
opkg install example3_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
opkg install example1_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
opkg install example2_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk

5.20 Build FriendlyWrt using GitHub Actions

Please refre this link: https://github.com/friendlyarm/Actions-FriendlyWrt

6 Work with FriendlyCore

6.1 FriendlyCore User Account

• Non-root User:

   User Name: pi
   Password: pi

• Root:

   User Name: root
   Password: fa

6.2 Update Software Packages

$ sudo apt-get update

6.3 Setup Network Configurations

6.3.1 Set static IP address

By default "eth0" is assigned an IP address obtained via dhcp. If you want to change the setting you need to change the following file:

vi /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0

For example if you want to assign a static IP to it you can run the following commands:

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
    address 192.168.1.231
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    gateway 192.168.1.1

6.3.2 Set a DNS

You also need to modify the following file to add the DNS configuration:

vi /etc/systemd/resolved.conf

For example, set to 192.168.1.1:

[Resolve]
DNS=192.168.1.1

Restart the systemd-resolved service with the following command:

sudo systemctl restart systemd-resolved.service
sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved.service

6.3.3 Set up to use another network interface

To change the setting of "eth1" you can add a new file similar to eth0's configuration file under the /etc/network/interfaces.d/ directory.

6.4 Setup Wi-Fi

First, use the following command to check if Network-Manager is installed on your system:

which nmcli

If you have installed it, refer to this link to connect to WiFi: Use NetworkManager to configure network settings, If you do not have Network-Manager installed on your system, please refer to the following method to configure WiFi,
By default the WiFi device is "wlan0". You need to create a configuration file under "/etc/network/interfaces.d/" for WiFi:

vi /etc/network/interfaces.d/wlan0

Here is a sample wlan0 file:

auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet dhcp
wpa-driver wext
wpa-ssid YourWiFiESSID
wpa-ap-scan 1
wpa-proto RSN
wpa-pairwise CCMP
wpa-group CCMP
wpa-key-mgmt WPA-PSK
wpa-psk YourWiFiPassword

Please replace "YourWiFiESSID" and "YourWiFiPassword" with your WiFiESSID and password. After save and close the file you can connect to your WiFi source by running the following command:

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart networking

After you power on your board it will automatically connect to your WiFi source.
Please note that if you use one TF card to boot multiple boards the WiFi device name will likely be named to "wlan1", "wlan2" and etc. You can reset it to "wlan0" by deleting the contents of the following file and reboot your board: /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules

6.4.1 WiFi models supported

6.4.1.1 M.2 WiFi Module

• RTL8822CE

6.4.1.2 Usb Dongle

• RTL8821CU (Vid: 0BDA, Pid: C811) (Test sample:TP-Link TL-WDN5200H)
• RTL8812AU (Vid: 0BDA, Pid: 8812)
• MediaTek MT7662 (Vid: 0E8D, Pid: 7612) (Test sample:COMFAST CF-WU782AC V2)

6.5 Install the kernel-header package

sudo dpkg -i /opt/linux-headers-*.deb

6.6 Build kernel-header deb package

Please refre to: https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3399/blob/kernel-5.15.y/test/test-build-kernel-header-deb.sh

6.7 Config status LEDs

First determine whether the system already exists the leds initialization service:

sudo systemctl status leds

If the leds service already exists, change the default behavior of the LEDs by editing the following file:

/etc/init.d/leds.sh

Since there is no leds service in the early firmware, you need to refer to the following guide to manually configure the LEDs. First, set the following kernel modules to be automatically loaded at boot:

modprobe ledtrig-netdev
echo ledtrig-netdev > /etc/modules-load.d/ledtrig-netdev.conf

Put the following into the autorun script to associate the status leds with the ethernet interface, and you can configure it to behave in other ways by referring to these content:

echo netdev > /sys/class/leds/wan_led/trigger
echo eth0 > /sys/class/leds/wan_led/device_name
echo 1 > /sys/class/leds/wan_led/link
 
echo netdev > /sys/class/leds/lan_led/trigger
echo eth1 > /sys/class/leds/lan_led/device_name
echo 1 > /sys/class/leds/lan_led/link

6.8 Configure parameters for serial port

Use the following serial parameters:

7 Work with Debian11 Desktop

7.1 Introduction to Debian11 Desktop

Debian11 Desktop is a light-weighted debian desktop system，it has the following features：

• Uses LXDE as default desktop;
  
• Mali GPU-based OpenGL support;
  
• Support Rockhip MPP video hard coding and hard decoding;
  
• Pre-installed mpv and smplayer, both support 4K video hardware decoding;
  
• Pre-installed Chromium browser, support vpu/gpu hardware acceleration (video hard decoding limited to h264/mp4 format);
  
• Compatible with Plex Server and Docker;
  

7.2 Account & Password

Regular Account:
    User Name: pi
    Password: pi

Root:
    the root user account is disabled by default, you may configure the root password through the 'sudo passwd root' command.

7.3 View IP address

Since the Debian Bullseye hostname is the hardware model by default, you can use the ping command to get the IP address:ping NanoPi-R4S

7.4 Connect to Debian via SSH

Run the following commandssh pi@NanoPi-R4S
The default password is: pi

7.5 Update Software Packages

$ sudo apt-get update

7.6 Install x11vnc Server on Debian for Remote Access

7.6.1 Install x11vnc server

The following command to install x11vnc server:

sudo apt-get install x11vnc

7.6.2 Set your password

sudo x11vnc -storepasswd /etc/x11vnc.pwd

7.6.3 Setup x11vnc server with systemd auto start up

Create service configuration file:

sudo vi /lib/systemd/system/x11vnc.service

Let’s copy and paste the following configuration into our newly create service file:

[Unit]
Description=Start x11vnc at startup.
Requires=display-manager.service
After=syslog.target network-online.target
Wants=syslog.target network-online.target
 
[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/usr/bin/x11vnc -display :0 -forever -loop -noxdamage -repeat -rfbauth /etc/x11vnc.pwd -rfbport 5900 -shared -capslock -nomodtweak
ExecStop=/usr/bin/x11vnc -R stop
Restart=on-failure
 
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

The following commands to reload the systmd system and to enable and start the x11vnc service:

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable x11vnc.service
sudo systemctl start x11vnc

7.6.4 Testing remote access

Start the VNC client software, input IP:5900 to connect:

7.7 Install the kernel-header package

sudo dpkg -i /opt/linux-headers-*.deb

try to compile a kernel module:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install git gcc make bc
git clone https://github.com/RinCat/RTL88x2BU-Linux-Driver.git
cd RTL88x2BU-Linux-Driver
make -j$(nproc)
sudo make install
sudo modprobe 88x2bu

7.8 Change time zone

7.8.1 Check the current time zone

timedatectl

7.8.2 List all available time zones

timedatectl list-timezones

7.8.3 Set the time zone (e.g. Shanghai)

sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai

7.9 Change startup LOGO and Wallpaper

7.9.1 Change startup LOGO

Replace the following two files in the kernel source code directory and recompile the kernel：
kernel/logo.bmp
kernel/logo_kernel.bmp
Or use the script to operate, as shown below：

• Download scripts:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3399.git -b kernel-4.19 --single-branch
cd sd-fuse_rk3399

• Compile kernel and repackage firmware

convert files/logo.jpg -type truecolor /tmp/logo.bmp
convert files/logo.jpg -type truecolor /tmp/logo_kernel.bmp
sudo LOGO=/tmp/logo.bmp KERNEL_LOGO=/tmp/logo_kernel.bmp ./build-kernel.sh debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64
sudo ./mk-sd-image.sh debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64
sudo ./mk-emmc-image.sh debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64

Note: If your system is not debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64, please specify according to the actual situation

7.9.2 Change Wallpaper

Modify the following configuration file:

/home/pi/.config/pcmanfm/LXDE/desktop-items-0.conf

7.10 Soft Factory Reset

Execute the following command in a terminal:

sudo firstboot && sudo reboot

7.11 Start the program automatically at startup(For example Kodi)

Put the desktop file in the ~/.config/autostart/ directory, for example：

mkdir ~/.config/autostart/
cp /usr/share/applications/kodi.desktop ~/.config/autostart/

7.12 Disable auto-mounting

sudo systemctl mask udisks2
sudo reboot

7.13 Setup Chinese language and Input method

7.13.1 Setup Chinese language

Enter the following command and select 'zh_CN.UTF-8':

sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales

Add environment variables to .bashrc:

echo "export LC_ALL=zh_CN.UTF-8" >> ~/.bashrc
echo "export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8" >> ~/.bashrc
echo "export LANGUAGE=zh_CN.UTF-8" >> ~/.bashrc

Reboot device:

sudo reboot

7.13.2 Installing Chinese input method

Enter the following command to install fcitx and Pinyin input method:

sudo apt update
sudo apt-get install fcitx fcitx-pinyin
sudo apt-get install im-config
sudo apt-get install fcitx-table*
sudo apt-get install fcitx-ui-classic fcitx-ui-light
sudo apt-get install fcitx-frontend-gtk2 fcitx-frontend-gtk3 fcitx-frontend-qt4
sudo apt-get remove --purge scim* ibus*
sudo reboot

After reboot, press Ctrl+Space to switch between Chinese and English input methods, and the input method icon will appear in the upper right corner, right-click the input method icon in the upper right corner to switch input methods in the pop-up menu, as shown below:

7.14 Installing Plex Multimedia Server

Visit the Plex website: https://www.plex.tv/media-server-downloads/
On the download page, select the category "Plex Media Server", choose "Linux" for the platform and "Ubuntu(16.04+)/Debian(8+) - ARMv8" for the version,
After downloading the deb package, use the dpkg command to install the package:

sudo dpkg -i plexmediaserver_1.31.0.6654-02189b09f_arm64.deb

After installation, login to the Plex server by typing the following URL into your computer browser: http://IP地址:32400/web/

7.15 Install Docker on Debian

Please refer to: How to Install Docker on Debian

7.16 How to test NPU

Please refer to: NPU

8 Work with Debian10 Desktop

• Refer to：
  • Debian Buster

9 Buildroot Linux

Buildroot is a simple, efficient and easy-to-use tool to generate embedded Linux systems through cross-compilation. It contains a boot-loader, kernel, rootfs, various libraries and utilities(e.g. qt, gstreamer, busybox etc).

FriendlyELEC's Buildroot is based on Rockchip's version which is made with linux-sdk and maintained with git. FriendlyELEC's version is synced with Rockchip's version;

• Rockchip's Buildroot: https://github.com/rockchip-linux/buildroot
  
• Buildroot's official site: https://buildroot.org

For a more detailed description of the Buildroot system, please refer to: Buildroot

10 Compile FriendlyWrt

10.1 Download Code

mkdir friendlywrt-rk3399
cd friendlywrt-rk3399
repo init -u https://github.com/friendlyarm/friendlywrt_manifests -b master-v21.02 -m rk3399.xml --repo-url=https://github.com/friendlyarm/repo  --no-clone-bundle
repo sync -c  --no-clone-bundle

10.2 1-key Compile

./build.sh nanopi_r4s.mk

All the components (including u-boot, kernel, and friendlywrt) are compiled and the sd card image will be generated.

10.3 Recompile u-boot, kernel or friendlywrt

./build.sh uboot
./build.sh kernel
./build.sh friendlywrt

10.4 Repackaged into firmware

./build.sh sd-img

• For more details, please refer to the following link:
  • How to Build FriendlyWrt/zh

11 Compile FriendlyCore-Focal

11.1 Setup Development Environment

We suggest you do it on a 64 bit Ubuntu 18.04 system and install the following packages:

sudo apt-get -y install bison g++-multilib git gperf libxml2-utils make python-networkx zip
sudo apt-get -y install flex curl libncurses5-dev libssl-dev zlib1g-dev gawk minicom
sudo apt-get -y install openjdk-8-jdk
sudo apt-get -y install exfat-fuse exfat-utils device-tree-compiler liblz4-tool
sudo apt-get -y install android-tools-fsutils
sudo apt-get -y install swig
sudo apt-get -y install python-dev python3-dev

11.2 Install Cross Compiler

11.2.1 Install aarch64-linux-gcc 6.4

This compiler can be used to compile a Linux kernel and u-boot. You can do it by running the following commands:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/prebuilts.git -b master --depth 1
cd prebuilts/gcc-x64
cat toolchain-6.4-aarch64.tar.gz* | sudo tar xz -C /

Add the compiler's directory to the PATH variable by appending the following lines to the ~/.bashrc file:

export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/6.4-aarch64/bin:$PATH
export GCC_COLORS=auto

Run the ~/.bashrc script to make it effective in the current commandline. Note: there is a space after ".":

. ~/.bashrc

This is a 64 bit compiler and cannot work on a 32 bit Linux system. You can test if your compiler is installed correctly by running the following commands:

aarch64-linux-gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=aarch64-linux-gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/6.4-aarch64/libexec/gcc/aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu/6.4.0/lto-wrapper
Target: aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu
Configured with: /work/toolchain/build/aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu/build/src/gcc/configure --build=x86_64-build_pc-linux-gnu
--host=x86_64-build_pc-linux-gnu --target=aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu --prefix=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/6.4-aarch64
--with-sysroot=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/6.4-aarch64/aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu/sysroot --enable-languages=c,c++
--enable-fix-cortex-a53-835769 --enable-fix-cortex-a53-843419 --with-cpu=cortex-a53
...
Thread model: posix
gcc version 6.4.0 (ctng-1.23.0-150g-FA)

11.3 Easy way to compile kernel and uboot for FriendlyCore-Focal OS

11.3.1 Download tools and firmware

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3399.git -b kernel-4.19
cd sd-fuse_rk3399
wget http://112.124.9.243/dvdfiles/RK3399/images-for-eflasher/friendlycore-focal-arm64-images.tgz
tar xvzf friendlycore-focal-arm64-images.tgz

11.3.2 Compile the kernel

Download the kernel source code and compile it. the relevant image files in the friendlycore-focal-arm64 directory will be automatically updated, including the kernel modules in the file system:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/kernel-rockchip --depth 1 -b nanopi4-v4.19.y kernel-rk3399
KERNEL_SRC=$PWD/kernel-rk3399 ./build-kernel.sh friendlycore-focal-arm64

11.3.3 Compile the uboot

Download the uboot source code and compile it. the relevant image files in the friendlycore-focal-arm64 directory will be automatically updated:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/uboot-rockchip --depth 1 -b nanopi4-v2017.09
UBOOT_SRC=$PWD/uboot-rockchip ./build-uboot.sh friendlycore-focal-arm64

11.3.4 Generate new firmware

Repackage the image file in the friendlycore-focal-arm64 directory into sd card firmware:

./mk-sd-image.sh friendlycore-focal-arm64

After the command is completed, the firmware is in the out directory, you can use the dd command to make the SD boot card, for example:

dd if=out/rk3399-sd-friendlycore-focal-4.19-arm64-YYYYMMDD.img of=/dev/sdX bs=1M

11.4 Compile kernel and uboot for FriendlyCore-Focal OS in normal way

11.4.1 Compile FriendlyCore-Focal's Kernel-4.19 Source Code

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/kernel-rockchip --depth 1 -b nanopi4-v4.19.y kernel-rockchip
cd kernel-rockchip
make distclean
touch .scmversion
export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/6.4-aarch64/bin/:$PATH
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux- nanopi4_linux_defconfig
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux- nanopi4-images

After compilation is done a kernel.img and a resource.img will be generated，you can use the tool sd_update to burn them to TF card or eMMC.

11.4.2 Compile FriendlyCore-Focal's uboot-2017.09 Source Code

[ -d rkbin ] || git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/rkbin
(cd rkbin && git reset 25de1a8bffb1e971f1a69d1aa4bc4f9e3d352ea3 --hard)
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/uboot-rockchip --depth 1 -b nanopi4-v2017.09
cd uboot-rockchip
make distclean
export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/6.4-aarch64/bin/:$PATH
./make.sh nanopi4

After compilation is done a uboot.img, a trust.img and a rk3399_loader_v1.24.126.bin will be generated. You need to rename the rk3399_loader_v1.24.126.bin to "MiniLoaderAll.bin"，you can use the tool sd_update to burn them to TF card or eMMC.

11.5 Make Bootable SD Card for Mass Production

If you need to make a bootable SD card for mass production you can refer to this github link:
sd-fuse_rk3399

12 More OS Support

12.1 DietPi

DietPi is a highly optimised & minimal Debian-based Linux distribution. DietPi is extremely lightweight at its core, and also extremely easy to install and use.
Setting up a single board computer (SBC) or even a computer, for both regular or server use, takes time and skill. DietPi provides an easy way to install and run favourite software you choose.
For more information, please visit this link https://dietpi.com/docs/.

DietPi supports many of the NanoPi board series, you may download the image file from here:

• https://dietpi.com/docs/hardware/#nanopi-series-friendlyarm
  

13 Link to Rockchip Resources

• RK3399 datasheet V2.1
• RK3399TRM V1.4

14 Schematic, PCB CAD File

• Schematic: NanoPi-R4S-1GB-2008-Schematic.pdf NanoPi-R4S-4GB-2008-Schematic.pdf
• PCB CAD File：NanoPi_R4S_1GB_2008_dxf.zip NanoPi_R4S_1GB_2008_dxf.zip

15 Known Issues List

• • Q: UGREEN 18W QC power adapter cannot power R4S?
  • A: It needs to wait for a few seconds to work normally.

16 Update Log

16.1 2023-12-01

16.1.1 FriendlyWrt

• Update to kernel 6.1.63
• Update to openwrt-23.05.2

16.2 2023-05-26

16.2.1 FriendlyWrt

• Updated v22.03 to openwrt-22.03.5
• Updated v21.02 to openwrt-21.02.7

16.3 2023-04-26

16.3.1 FriendlyWrt：

• Upgrade v22.03 to openwrt-22.03.4
• Upgrade v21.02 to openwrt-21.02.6

16.4 2023-02-10

16.4.1 Added Debian11

There are three versions:

• Debian11 Core: Command-line only
• Debian11 Minimal: With Xfce desktop, lite version
• Debian11 Desktop: With Xfce desktop, full version

16.5 2023-01-09

16.5.1 FriendlyCore：

• optimized the systemd service

16.6 2022-12-04

16.6.1 FriendlyWrt：

• Fix the issue that the storage space cannot be expanded
• Improve stability of the eMMC Tools

16.7 2022-09-06

16.7.1 FriendlyWrt：

• Improved eMMC read performance of NanoPi-R4SE
• Added Fullcone NAT support
• upgrade to 22.03.0
• Fix NanoPC-T4 eMMC stability issue

16.8 2022-08-03

16.8.1 FriendlyWrt：

• Upgrade FriendlyWrt to the latest version 22.03-rc6
• Fixed the problem that the R4S/R4SE may not recognize the pcie device (lan port) after a soft reboot (small probability)
• Fixed the issue where the R4SE status led did not reflect the burn progress when burning the system to eMMC
• Firewall settings adjustment: single-port devices (e.g. NanoPi-T4/NanoPi-M4) are set to allow WAN inbound traffic by default for easy web configuration, while multi-port devices are still denied WAN inbound traffic by default
• Updated FriendlyWrt firmware with 4.19 kernel to match FriendlyWrt 21.02 docker with 5.15 kernel

16.9 2022-07-27

16.9.1 FriendlyWrt:

• Beta version 22.03-rc3 is available, you can choose according to your package requirements, stable version 21.02.3 is recommended.
• Both docker and non-docker versions are available, all features are the same except for docker.
• Improved compatibility issues with third-party packages
• Added support for "Soft Factory Reset" function
• Added web-based tool eMMC-Tools, support install FriendlyElec and some third party firmware to eMMC, besides raw-image also support rockchip package format firmware
• Other details: default timezone setting to Shanghai, new NAS category menu, remove lcd2usb, improve security settings, tune sysctl parameters, fix docker firewall settings, etc.
• Add support for new hardware model: NanoPi-R4SE

16.10 2021-10-29

16.10.1 FriendlyWrt：

• FriendlyWrt has been updated to the official stable version 21.02.1, features are basically the same as 19.07.5, support docker, usb wifi, etc.

16.11 2021-08-31

16.11.1 FriendlyWrt：

• Upgraded kernel to 5.10.60
• Add a high-speed 5G USB WiFi support, the network card model is Comfast CF-WU782AC V2, the chip model is MediaTek MT7662
• Improved USB WiFi compatibility
• Improved PWM fan support, fan controlled by kernel drive, temperature control support（Please search for "PWM fans" on the R4S WiKi page for details)
• Improved stability on first boot (previous version, bpfilter error occurred in some cases on first boot)

16.12 2020-12-23

• FriendlyWrt has been updated to the official stable version 19.07.5