NanoPi R3S

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1 Introduction

Overview

Front

Back

Case

Case

Case

Case

File:R3sc-05.jpg

Case

• The NanoPi R3S(as "R3S") is an open source platform with dual-Gbps Ethernet ports designed and developed by FriendlyElec for IoT applications.
• The NanoPi R3S uses the RK3566 SoC, It has two Gbps Ethernet ports and 2G DDR4 RAM, 32GB eMMC (optional), FriendlyElec ported an OpenWrt system for it. It works with Docker CE. It is a good platform for developing IoT applications, NAS applications =etc.

2 Hardware Spec

• CPU: Rockchip RK3566, Quad-core Cortex-A53
• DDR4 RAM: 2GB
• Ethernet: one Native Gigabit Ethernet, and one PCIe Gigabit Ethernet
• USB3.0 Host: Type-A x1
• MicroSD Slot x 1
• Debug Serial Port: 3.3V TTL, 3-pin 2.54mm pitch connector, 1500000 bauds
• LED: LED x 3
• KEY: KEY x 1 programmable
• PC Size: 55.6 x 52mm
• Power supply: DC 5V/3A, via USB-C connector
• Temperature measuring range: 0℃ to 80℃
• OS/Software: U-boot，Ubuntu-Core，Debian-Core，OpenMediaVault, OpenWrt

3 Diagram, Layout and Dimension

3.1 Layout

4 Get Started

4.1 Essentials You Need

Before starting to use your NanoPi R3S get the following items ready

• NanoPi R3S
• MicroSD Card/TF Card: Class 10 or Above, minimum 8GB SDHC
• MicroUSB 5V/2A power adapter
• If you need to develop and compile,you need a computer that can connect to the Internet. It is recommended to install Ubuntu 20.04 64-bit system and use the following script to initialize the development environment, or use docker container:
  
  • How to setup the Compiling Environment on Ubuntu bionic
    
  • docker-cross-compiler-novnc
    

4.2 TF Cards We Tested

Refer to： TFCardsWeTested

4.3 Configure parameters for serial port

Use the following serial parameters:

Baud rate	1500000
Data bit	8
Parity check	None
Stop bit	1
Flow control	None

4.4 Install OS

4.4.1 Downloads

4.4.1.1 Official image

Visit download link to download official image files (in the "01_Official images" directory).
The table below lists all official images, the word 'XYZ' in image filename meaning:

• sd: Use it when you need to boot the entire OS from the SD card
• eflasher: Use it when you need to flash the OS to eMMC via TF card
• usb: Use it when you need to flash the OS to eMMC via USB

Icon	Image Filename	Version	Description	Kernel Version
	rk3566-XYZ-debian-bookworm-core-6.1-arm64-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	bookworm	Debian 12 Core, No desktop environment, command line only	6.1.y
	rk3566-XYZ-ubuntu-noble-core-6.1-arm64-YYYYMMDD.img.zip	noble	64-bit Ubuntu image file based on Ubuntu core 24.04 64bit	6.1.y
	rk3566-XYZ-openmediavault-6.1-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	Shaitan	OpenMediaVault NAS system, base on Debian 12	6.1.y
	rk3566-XYZ-proxmox-6.1-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	8.2.7	Proxmox VE OS (Preview), base on Debian 12	6.1.y
	rk3566-XYZ-friendlywrt-21.02-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	21.02	FriendlyWrt, based on OpenWrt 21.02	6.1.y
	rk3566-XYZ-friendlywrt-21.02-docker-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	21.02	FriendlyWrt with Docker, based on OpenWrt 21.02	6.1.y
	rk3566-XYZ-friendlywrt-23.05-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	23.05	FriendlyWrt, based on OpenWrt 23.05	6.1.y
	rk3566-XYZ-friendlywrt-23.05-docker-YYYYMMDD.img.gz	23.05	FriendlyWrt with Docker, based on OpenWrt 23.05	6.1.y
Other Image
	Github Actions - FriendlyWrt	21.02,23.05	FriendlyWrt	6.1.y
	rk3566-XYZ-multiple-os-YYYYMMDD-25g.img.gz	-	It contains multiple OS image files, making it convenient for testing different operating systems, this image disables automatic flashing at startup; you will need to manually select the OS to flash.

4.4.1.2 Tools (optional)

Visit download link to download tools (in the "05_Tools" directory).

Filename	Description
win32diskimager.rar	This program is designed to write a raw disk image to a removable device or backup a removable device to a raw image file
SD Card Formatter	A program (application) that allows easy and quick clear the SD card
RKDevTool_Release_v2.84.zip	Rockchip flashing tool, for USB upgrade

4.4.2 Flashing the OS to the microSD card

Follow the steps below:

• Get an 8G microSD card;
• Visit download linkto download image files (in the "01_Official images/01_SD card images" directory);
• Download the win32diskimager tool (in the "05_Tools" directory), or use your preferred tool;
• Extract the .gz format compressed file to get the .img format image file;
• Run the win32diskimager utility under Windows as administrator. On the utility's main window select your SD card's drive, the wanted image file and click on "write" to start flashing the SD card.
• Take out the SD and insert it to NanoPi-R3S's microSD card slot;
• Power on NanoPi-R3S and it will be booted from your TF card, some models may require pressing the Power button to start;

5 Work with FriendlyWrt

5.1 Introduction to FriendlyWrt

FriendlyWrt is a customized system made by FriendlyElec based on an OpenWrt distribution. It is open source and well suitable for developing IoT applications, NAS applications etc.

5.2 First boot

For the first boot, the system needs to do the following initialization work：
1）Extended root file system
2）Initial setup（will execute /root/setup.sh)
So you need to wait for a while (about 2~3 minutes) to boot up for the first time, and then set FriendlyWrt, you can enter the ttyd terminal on the openwrt webpage, when the prompt is displayed as root@FriendlyWrt, it means the system has been initialized.

root@FriendlyWrt

5.3 Account & Password

The default password is password (empty password in some versions). Please set or change a safer password for web login and ssh login. It is recommended to complete this setting before connecting NanoPi-R3S to the Internet.

5.4 Login FriendlyWrt

Connect the PC to the LAN port of NanoPi-R3S. If your PC without a built-in ethernet port, connect the LAN port of the wireless AP to the LAN port of NanoPi-R3S, and then connect your PC to the wireless AP via WiFi , Enter the following URL on your PC's browser to access the admin page:

• http://friendlywrt/
• http://192.168.2.1/
• http://[fd00:ab:cd::1]

The above is the LAN port address of NanoPi-R3S. The IP address of the WAN port will be dynamically obtained from your main router through DHCP.

5.5 Recommended security settings

The following settings are highly recommended to complete before connecting NanoPi-R3S to the Internet。

• Set a secure password
• Only allow access to ssh from lan, change the port
• Check the firewall settings

Set up as you wish.

5.6 Change LAN IP in LuCI

1) Click on Network → Interfaces, then click on the Edit button of the LAN Network;
2) In General Setup tab, input new IP address (for example: 192.168.11.1), click "Save" and then click "Save & Apply";
3) On the pop-up window with the title “Connectivity change“, click "Apply and revert on connectivity loss";
4) Wait a moment, enter the new address in your computer's browser and login to FriendlyWrt;

5.7 Safe shutdown operation

Enter the "Services" -> "Terminal", enter the "poweroff" command and hit enter, wait until the led light is off, and then unplug the power supply.

5.8 Soft Factory Reset

Enter "System"->"Backup/Flash firmware"，Click “Perform reset“ Button, Your device's settings will be reset to defaults like when FriendlyWrt was first installed.
You can also do this in the terminal:

firstboot && reboot

5.9 Install Software Packages

5.9.1 Set up openwrt official opkg source

sed -i -e 's/mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/downloads.openwrt.org/g' /etc/opkg/distfeeds.conf
opkg update

5.9.2 Update Package List

Before install software packages update the package list:

$ opkg update

5.9.3 List Available Packages

$ opkg list

5.9.4 List Installed Packages

$ opkg list-installed

5.9.5 Install Packages

$ opkg install <package names>

5.9.6 Remove Packages

$ opkg remove <package names>

5.10 Disable IPv6

. /root/setup.sh
disable_ipv6
reboot

5.11 Configure the function of the user button

By default, the user button is configured to reboot the device, as shown below:

echo 'BTN_1 1 /sbin/reboot' >> /etc/triggerhappy/triggers.d/example.conf

You can change its behavior by changing the configuration file above.

5.12 Configuring Quectel EC20 (4G module) dial-up networking

• Go to "Network" -> "Interfaces"
• Click "Delete" next to "WAN6", then click "Save & Apply"
• Click "Edit" next to "WAN", in the "Device" drop-down menu, select "Ethernet Adapter: wwan0", in the "Protocol" drop-down menu, select "QMI Cellular" and click "Switch Protocol"
• Click the "Modem Device" drop-down menu, select "/dev/cdc-wdm0", fill in the APN information (e.g. for China Mobile, enter "cmnet")
• Click "Save" to close the dialog, Finally, click "Save & Apply" at the bottom of the page to initiate the dial-up process
• Devices connected to LAN will have access to the Internet, If your device has a WiFi module, you can enable wireless AP functionality on the "Wireless" page and connect to the Internet via devices connected wirelessly

5.13 Some common issues of FriendlyWrt

• Unable to dial up
  • Go to "Network" -> "Firewall" and set "Inbound Data", "Outbound Data" and "Forwarding" in "WAN Zone" to "Accept";
  • If you still cannot access the Internet, you can try to turn off IPV6;
• Dial-up successful, but no outgoing traffic
  • Go to "Services" -> "Terminal" and type "fw4 reload" to try to reload the firewall settings again;
• Unable to power on
  • Try to replace the power adapter and cable. It is recommended to use a power supply with specifications above 5V/2A;
  • Note that some fast chargers with Type-C interface will have a delay, it may take a few seconds to start providing power;
• When doing secondary routing, the computer cannot connect to the Internet
  • If your main network is IPv4, and NanoPi-R3S works in IPv6, the computer may not be able to connect to the Internet. It is recommended to turn off IPv6 (the method is described later in this WiKi), or switch the main route to IPv6;
• If you have questions or have better suggestions, please send an email to techsupport@friendlyarm.com;

5.14 Use USB2LCD to view IP and temperature

Plug the USB2LCD module to the USB interface ofNanoPi-R3S and power on, the IP address and CPU temperature will be displayed on the LCD:

5.15 How to use USB WiFi

5.15.1 Check USB WiFi Device with Command Line Utility

(1) Click on "services>ttyd" to start the command line utility

(2) Make sure no USB devices are connected to your board and run the following command to check if any USB devices are connected or not

lsusb

(3) Connect a USB WiFi device to the board and run the command again

lsusb

You will see a new device is detected. In our test the device's ID was 0BDA:C811

(4) Type your device's ID (in our case it was "0BDA:C811" or "VID_0BDA&PID_C811") in a search engine and you may find a device that matches the ID. In our case the device we got was Realtek 8811CU.

5.15.2 Configure a USB WiFi Device as AP

(1) Connect a USB WiFi device to the NanoPi-R3S. We recommend you to use the following devices:

Note: devices that match these VID&PIDs would most likely work.
(2) Click on "System>Reboot" and reboot your NanoPi-R3S

(3) Click on "Network>Wireless" to enter the WiFi configuration page

(4) Click on "Edit" to edit the configuration

(5) On the "Interface Configuration" page you can set the WiFi mode and SSID, and then go to "Wireless Security" to change the password. By default the password is "password". After you make your changes click on "Save" to save

(6) After you change the settings you can use a smartphone or PC to search for WiFi

5.15.3 Common USB WiFi issues

1) It is recommended to plug in the usb wifi in the off state, then power it on, FriendlyWrt will automatically generate the configuration file /etc/config/wireless, if not, see if there is wlan0 by ifconfig -a, if there is no wlan0, usually there is no driver.
2) If ifconfig -a sees wlan0, but the hotspot is not working properly, try changing the channel and country code, an inappropriate country code can also cause the WiFi to not work.
3) Some USB WiFis (e.g. MTK MT7662) work in CD-ROM mode by default and need to be switched by usb_modeswitch, you can try to add usb_modeswitch configuration to the following directory: /etc/usb_modeswitch.d.

5.15.4 Change the default WiFi hotspot configuration

FriendlyWrt sets the country, hotspot name and other parameters for USB WiFi by default, with the aim of being as plug-and-play as possible, but this does not guarantee that all modules will be compatible with this setting, you can change these behaviors by modifying the following file：

/lib/wifi/mac80211.sh

5.16 Work with Docker Applications

5.16.1 Work with Docker: Install JellyFin

mkdir -p /jellyfin/config
mkdir -p /jellyfin/videos
docker run --restart=always -d -p 8096:8096 -v /jellyfin/config:/config -v /jellyfin/videos:/videos jellyfin/jellyfin:10.1.0-arm64 -name myjellyfin

After installation, visit port 8096 and here is what you would find:

5.16.2 Work with Docker: Install Personal Nextcloud

mkdir /nextcloud -p
docker run -d -p 8888:80  --name nextcloud  -v /nextcloud/:/var/www/html/ --restart=always --privileged=true  arm64v8/nextcloud

After installtion, visit port 8888.

5.16.3 Expand Docker Storage

• Stop docker service first:

/etc/init.d/dockerd stop

• Rename the original /opt directory, create an empty /opt directory:

mv /opt /opt-old && mkdir /opt

• Format your drive as ext4, and mount it to the /opt directory:

• Enter the command "mount | grep /opt" to check the mount status:

root@FriendlyWrt:~# mount | grep /opt
/dev/nvme0n1p1 on /opt type ext4 (rw,relatime)
root@FriendlyWrt:~#

• Copy the files from the original /opt directory to the new /opt directory:

cp -af /opt-old/* /opt/ && rm -rf /opt-old

• Reboot the device

reboot

• After reboot, go to the "Docker" -> "Overview" page, check the information in the "Docker Root Dir" line, you can see that the Docker space has been expanded:

5.16.4 Docker FAQ and solutions

5.16.4.1 Unable to access the network services provided by the Docker container

Solution:

• Go to the "Firewall" settings and set "Forwarding" to "Accept";
• Turn off "Software Offload";

5.17 Mount smbfs

mount -t cifs //192.168.1.10/shared /movie -o username=xxx,password=yyy,file_mode=0644

5.18 Use sdk to compile the package

5.18.1 Install the compilation environment

Download and run the following script on 64-bit Ubuntu (version 18.04+): How to setup the Compiling Environment on Ubuntu bionic

5.18.2 Download and decompress sdk from the network disk

The sdk is located in the toolchain directory of the network disk:

tar xvf openwrt-sdk-*-rockchip-armv8_gcc-11.2.0_musl.Linux-x86_64.tar.xz
# If the path is too long, it will cause some package compilation errors, so change the directory name here
mv openwrt-sdk-*-rockchip-armv8_gcc-11.2.0_musl.Linux-x86_64 sdk
cd sdk
./scripts/feeds update -a
./scripts/feeds install -a

5.18.3 Compile the package

download the source code of the example (a total of 3 examples are example1, example2, example3), and copy to the package directory:

git clone https://github.com/mwarning/openwrt-examples.git
cp -rf openwrt-examples/example* package/
rm -rf openwrt-examples/

Then enter the configuration menu through the following command:

make menuconfig

In the menu, select the following packages we want to compile (actually selected by default):

"Utilities" => "example1"
"Utilities" => "example3"
"Network" => "VPN" => "example2"

execute the following commands to compile the three software packages:

make package/example1/compile V=99
make package/example2/compile V=99
make package/example3/compile V=99

After the compilation is successful, you can find the ipk file in the bin directory, as shown below:

$ find ./bin -name example*.ipk
./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/example3_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/example1_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/example2_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk

5.18.4 Install the ipk to NanoPi

You can use the scp command to upload the ipk file to NanoPi:

cd ./bin/packages/aarch64_generic/base/
scp example*.ipk root@192.168.2.1:/root/

Then use the opkg command to install them:

cd /root/
opkg install example3_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
opkg install example1_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk
opkg install example2_1.0.0-220420.38257_aarch64_generic.ipk

5.19 Build FriendlyWrt using GitHub Actions

Please refre this link: https://github.com/friendlyarm/Actions-FriendlyWrt

6 Work with Debian Core

6.1 Account & Password

Regular Account:
    User Name: pi
    Password: pi

Root:
    the root user account is disabled by default, you may configure the root password through the 'sudo passwd root' command.

6.2 View IP address

Since the Debian Bullseye hostname is the hardware model by default, you can use the ping command to get the IP address:ping NanoPi-R3S
Debian Bullseye uses network-manager to manage the network, and the network ports are configured to automatically obtain IP addresses by DHCP (including devices with multiple network ports).

6.3 Connect to Debian via SSH

Run the following commandssh pi@NanoPi-R3S
The default password is: pi

6.4 Update Software Packages

$ sudo apt-get update

6.5 Change time zone

6.5.1 Check the current time zone

timedatectl

6.5.2 List all available time zones

timedatectl list-timezones

6.5.3 Set the time zone (e.g. Shanghai)

sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai

6.6 Change startup LOGO

Replace the following two files in the kernel source code directory and recompile the kernel：
kernel/logo.bmp
kernel/logo_kernel.bmp
Or use the script to operate, as shown below：

• Download scripts:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3399.git -b kernel-4.19 --single-branch
cd sd-fuse_rk3399

• Compile kernel and repackage firmware

convert files/logo.jpg -type truecolor /tmp/logo.bmp
convert files/logo.jpg -type truecolor /tmp/logo_kernel.bmp
sudo LOGO=/tmp/logo.bmp KERNEL_LOGO=/tmp/logo_kernel.bmp ./build-kernel.sh debian-bookworm-core-arm64
sudo ./mk-sd-image.sh debian-bookworm-core-arm64
sudo ./mk-emmc-image.sh debian-bookworm-core-arm64

6.7 Soft Factory Reset

Execute the following command in a terminal:

sudo firstboot && sudo reboot

6.8 Install Docker on Debian

Please refer to: How to Install Docker on Debian

7 How to Compile

7.1 Setup Development Environment

7.1.1 Method 1: Using docker to cross-compile

Please refre to docker-cross-compiler-novnc

7.1.2 Method 2: Setup build environment on the host machine

7.1.2.1 Install required packages

Install and run requirements ubuntu 20.04, install required packages using the following commands:

sudo apt-get -y update
sudo apt-get install -y sudo curl
sudo bash -c \
  "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/friendlyarm/build-env-on-ubuntu-bionic/master/install.sh)"

The following cross-compilers will be installed:

Version	Architecture	Compiler path	Purpose
4.9.3	armhf	/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/4.9.3	Can be used to build 32-bit ARM applications
6.4	aarch64	/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/6.4-aarch64	Can be used to build kernel 4.4
11.3	aarch64	/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64	Can be used to build kernel 4.19 or higher and U-Boot

7.1.2.2 Setting the compiler path

Based on the table in the previous section, select the appropriate version of the compiler and add the compiler's path to PATH. For example, if you want to use the 11.3 cross-compiler, edit ~/.bashrc using vi and add the following content to the end:

export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/bin:$PATH
export GCC_COLORS=auto

Run the ~/.bashrc script to make it effective in the current commandline. Note: there is a space after ".":

. ~/.bashrc

To verify if the installation was successful：

$ aarch64-linux-gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=aarch64-linux-gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/libexec/gcc/aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu/11.3.0/lto-wrapper
Target: aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu
Configured with: /home/cross/arm64/src/gcc/configure --build=x86_64-build_pc-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-build_pc-linux-gnu --target=aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu --prefix=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64 --exec_prefix=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64 --with-sysroot=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu/sysroot --enable-languages=c,c++ --enable-fix-cortex-a53-843419 --with-arch=armv8-a+crypto+crc --with-cpu=cortex-a53 --with-pkgversion=ctng-1.25.0-119g-FA --with-bugurl=http://www.friendlyelec.com/ --enable-objc-gc --enable-__cxa_atexit --disable-libmudflap --disable-libgomp --disable-libssp --disable-libquadmath --disable-libquadmath-support --disable-libsanitizer --disable-libmpx --with-gmp=/home/cross/arm64/buildtools --with-mpfr=/home/cross/arm64/buildtools --with-mpc=/home/cross/arm64/buildtools --with-isl=/home/cross/arm64/buildtools --enable-lto --enable-threads=posix --disable-libstdcxx-pch --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-indirect-function --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-default-pie --enable-linker-build-id --with-linker-hash-style=gnu --enable-plugin --enable-gold --with-libintl-prefix=/home/cross/arm64/buildtools --disable-multilib --with-local-prefix=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/aarch64-cortexa53-linux-gnu/sysroot --enable-long-long --enable-checking=release --enable-link-serialization=2
Thread model: posix
Supported LTO compression algorithms: zlib
gcc version 11.3.0 (ctng-1.25.0-119g-FA)

7.2 Build Openwrt/Friendlywrt

7.2.1 Download Code

Two versions are available, please choose as required:

7.2.1.1 FriendlyWrt 21.02

mkdir friendlywrt21-rk3566
cd friendlywrt21-rk3566
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/repo --depth 1 tools
tools/repo init -u https://github.com/friendlyarm/friendlywrt_manifests -b master-v21.02 \
        -m rk3566.xml --repo-url=https://github.com/friendlyarm/repo  --no-clone-bundle
tools/repo sync -c  --no-clone-bundle

7.2.1.2 FriendlyWrt 23.05

mkdir friendlywrt23-rk3566
cd friendlywrt23-rk3566
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/repo --depth 1 tools
tools/repo init -u https://github.com/friendlyarm/friendlywrt_manifests -b master-v23.05 \
        -m rk3566.xml --repo-url=https://github.com/friendlyarm/repo  --no-clone-bundle
tools/repo sync -c  --no-clone-bundle

7.2.2 First compilation step

./build.sh rk3566.mk  # or rk3566-docker.mk

All the components (including u-boot, kernel, and friendlywrt) are compiled and the sd card image will be generated, then execute the following command to generate the image file for installing the system into the emmc:

./build.sh emmc-img

After making changes to the project, the sd card image needs to be repackaged by running the following command:

./build.sh sd-img

7.2.3 Secondary compilation steps

cd friendlywrt
make menuconfig
rm -rf ./tmp
make -j${nproc}
cd ../
./build.sh sd-img
./build.sh emmc-img

7.2.4 Build u-boot only

./build.sh uboot

7.2.5 Build kernel only

./build.sh kernel

7.2.6 Build friendlywrt only

./build.sh friendlywrt

Or go to the friendlywrt directory and follow the standard openwrt commands. If you get an error with the above command, try using the following command to compile in a single thread:

cd friendlywrt
make -j1 V=s

7.3 Build Other Linux

7.3.1 Kernel and u-boot versions

Operating System	Kernel Version	U-boot version	Cross-compiler	Partition type	Packaging Tool	Kernel branch	Kernel configuration	U-boot branch	U-boot configuration
openmediavault-arm64	linux v6.1.y	u-boot v2017.09	11.3-aarch64	GPT	sd-fuse	nanopi6-v6.1.y	nanopi5_linux_defconfig	nanopi5-v2017.09	nanopi5_defconfig
ubuntu-noble-core-arm64				GPT
debian-bookworm-core-arm64
friendlywrt21							nanopi5_linux_defconfig +friendlywrt.config
friendlywrt21-docker
friendlywrt23
friendlywrt23-docker

• Kernel git repo：https://github.com/friendlyarm/kernel-rockchip
• U-boot git repo：https://github.com/friendlyarm/uboot-rockchip
• The cross-compile toolchain is located in the path: /opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/
• The SD-Fuse is a helper script to make bootable SD card image.

7.3.2 Build kernel linux-v6.1.y

This section applies to the following operating systems:

friendlywrt21

friendlywrt21-docker

friendlywrt23

friendlywrt23-docker

ubuntu-noble-core-arm64

openmediavault-arm64

debian-bookworm-core-arm64

Clone the repository to your local drive then build:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/kernel-rockchip --single-branch --depth 1 -b nanopi6-v6.1.y kernel-rockchip
cd kernel-rockchip
export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/bin/:$PATH
touch .scmversion
# Configuring the Kernel
# Load default configuration
make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 nanopi5_linux_defconfig
# Optionally, load configuration for FriendlyWrt
# make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 nanopi5_linux_defconfig friendlywrt.config
# Optionally, if you want to change the default kernel config
# make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 menuconfig
# Start building kernel
make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 -j$(nproc)
# Start building kernel modules
mkdir -p out-modules && rm -rf out-modules/*
make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 INSTALL_MOD_PATH="$PWD/out-modules" modules -j$(nproc)
make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 INSTALL_MOD_PATH="$PWD/out-modules" modules_install
KERNEL_VER=$(make CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- ARCH=arm64 kernelrelease)
[ ! -f "$PWD/out-modules/lib/modules/${KERNEL_VER}/modules.dep" ] && depmod -b $PWD/out-modules -E Module.symvers -F System.map -w ${KERNEL_VER}
(cd $PWD/out-modules && find . -name \*.ko | xargs aarch64-linux-strip --strip-unneeded)

Pack the kernel.img and resource.img:

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3566/kernel-6.1.y/tools/mkkrnlimg && chmod 755 mkkrnlimg
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3566/kernel-6.1.y/tools/resource_tool && chmod 755 resource_tool
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3566/kernel-6.1.y/prebuilt/boot/logo.bmp
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3566/kernel-6.1.y/prebuilt/boot/logo_kernel.bmp
./mkkrnlimg arch/arm64/boot/Image kernel.img
./resource_tool --dtbname arch/arm64/boot/dts/rockchip/rk3566-nanopi*-rev*.dtb logo.bmp logo_kernel.bmp

After the compilation, the following files will be generated:

kernel.img

resource.img

The kernel modules are located in the out-modules directory

Run your build:
Please refre to #Running the build

7.3.3 Build u-boot v2017.09

This section applies to the following operating systems:

friendlywrt21

friendlywrt21-docker

friendlywrt23

friendlywrt23-docker

ubuntu-noble-core-arm64

openmediavault-arm64

debian-bookworm-core-arm64

Clone the repository to your local drive then build:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/rkbin --single-branch --depth 1 -b friendlyelec
git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/uboot-rockchip --single-branch --depth 1 -b nanopi5-v2017.09
export PATH=/opt/FriendlyARM/toolchain/11.3-aarch64/bin/:$PATH
cd uboot-rockchip/
./make.sh nanopi_r3

After the compilation, the following files will be generated:

uboot.img

trust.img

rk356x_spl_loader_vX.YY.ZZZ.bin (aka MiniLoaderAll.bin)

Run your build:
Please refre to #Running the build

7.3.4 Running the build

7.3.4.1 Install to target board

This section applies to the following operating systems:

friendlywrt21

friendlywrt21-docker

friendlywrt23

friendlywrt23-docker

ubuntu-noble-core-arm64

openmediavault-arm64

debian-bookworm-core-arm64

RK3566 uses GPT partitions by default, you can use the dd command, but be careful to choose the right output device:

• The SD/TF Card device node: /dev/mmcblk0
  
• The eMMC device node: /dev/mmcblk2
  

The following is an example of how to update the kernel to eMMC:
Use the 'parted' command to view the partition layout:

parted /dev/mmcblk2 print

Sample outputs:

Model: MMC BJTD4R (sd/mmc)
Disk /dev/mmcblk2: 31.3GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
 
Number  Start   End     Size    File system  Name      Flags
 1      8389kB  12.6MB  4194kB               uboot
 2      12.6MB  16.8MB  4194kB               trust
 3      16.8MB  21.0MB  4194kB               misc
 4      21.0MB  25.2MB  4194kB               dtbo
 5      25.2MB  41.9MB  16.8MB               resource
 6      41.9MB  83.9MB  41.9MB               kernel
 7      83.9MB  134MB   50.3MB               boot
 8      134MB   2500MB  2366MB  ext4         rootfs
 9      2500MB  31.3GB  28.8GB  ext4         userdata

as shown above, the resource partition is located at 5 and the kernel partition is located at 6. Use the dd command to write the resource.img and kernel.img files to these partitions, the commands are as follows:

dd if=resource.img of=/dev/mmcblk2p5 bs=1M
dd if=kernel.img of=/dev/mmcblk2p6 bs=1M

If you want to update u-boot:

dd if=uboot.img of=/dev/mmcblk2p1 bs=1M

To update new driver modules, copy the newly compiled driver modules to the appropriate directory under /lib/modules.

7.3.4.2 Packaging and creating an SD image

To create a new OS image file, you need to use the "sd-fuse" packaging tool.

"sd-fuse" is a collection of scripts that can be used to create bootable SD card images for FriendlyElec boards. Its main features include:

• Creation of root filesystem images from a directory
  
• Building of bootable SD card images
  
• Simple compilation of kernel, U-Boot, and third-party drivers
  

Please click on the following link to find out more:

Kernel version	Packaging Tool
linux v6.1.y	sd-fuse_rk3566/kernel-6.1.y

7.3.4.3 USB flashing

7.3.4.3.1 Linux

Reboot the board and enter loader mode with the following command:

sudo reboot loader

To flash U-Boot and kernel using the "upgrade_tool_v2.30_for_linux" tool, please use the following command:

sudo upgrade_tool di -k kernel.img
sudo upgrade_tool di -re resource.img
sudo upgrade_tool di -u uboot.img
sudo upgrade_tool RD

Note: "upgrade_tool" is a command-line tool provided by Rockchip for Linux operating systems (Linux_Upgrade_Tool).

7.4 Build the code using scripts

7.4.1 Download scripts and image files

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3566.git -b kernel-6.1.y
cd sd-fuse_rk3566
wget http://112.124.9.243/dvdfiles/rk3566/images-for-eflasher/ubuntu-noble-core-arm64-images.tgz
tar xvzf ubuntu-noble-core-arm64-images.tgz

7.4.2 Compile the kernel

Download the kernel source code and compile it. the relevant image files in the ubuntu-noble-core-arm64 directory will be automatically updated, including the kernel modules in the file system:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/kernel-rockchip --depth 1 -b nanopi6-v6.1.y kernel-rk3566
KERNEL_SRC=$PWD/kernel-rk3566 ./build-kernel.sh ubuntu-noble-core-arm64

7.4.3 Compile the kernel headers

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/kernel-rockchip --depth 1 -b nanopi6-v6.1.y kernel-rk3566
MK_HEADERS_DEB=1 BUILD_THIRD_PARTY_DRIVER=0 KERNEL_SRC=$PWD/kernel-rk3566 ./build-kernel.sh ubuntu-noble-core-arm64

7.4.4 Compile the uboot

Download the uboot source code and compile it. the relevant image files in the ubuntu-noble-core-arm64 directory will be automatically updated:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/uboot-rockchip --depth 1 -b nanopi5-v2017.09
UBOOT_SRC=$PWD/uboot-rockchip ./build-uboot.sh ubuntu-noble-core-arm64

7.4.5 Generate new image

Repackage the image file in the ubuntu-noble-core-arm64 directory into sd card image:

./mk-sd-image.sh ubuntu-noble-core-arm64

After the command is completed, the image is in the out directory.

8 Using On-Board Hardware Resources

8.1 Using VPU

Please refer to NPU

8.2 Using NPU

Please refer to NPU

9 Backup rootfs and create custom SD image (to burn your application into other boards)

9.1 Backup rootfs

Run the following commands on your target board. These commands will back up the entire root partition:

sudo passwd root
su root
cd /
tar --warning=no-file-changed -cvpzf /rootfs.tar.gz \
    --exclude=/rootfs.tar.gz --exclude=/var/lib/docker/runtimes \
    --exclude=/etc/firstuser --exclude=/etc/friendlyelec-release \
    --exclude=/usr/local/first_boot_flag --one-file-system /

Note: if there is a mounted directory on the system, an error message will appear at the end, which can be ignored.

9.2 Making a bootable SD card from a root filesystem

Only support RK3328/RK3399/RK3568/RK3566/RK3588

10 Common Linux-based operating system operations

10.1 Using ADB on Linux Systems

10.1.1 Enabling ADB in Buildroot System

Enable on Startup

mv /etc/init.d/K50usbdevice.sh /etc/init.d/S50usbdevice.sh
reboot

Enable Temporarily

usbdevice-wrapper start

10.1.2 Enabling ADB in Ubuntu and Debian Systems

Enable on Startup

sudo systemctl enable usbdevice
sudo reboot

Enable Temporarily

usbdevice-wrapper start

10.1.3 How to Connect

When using ADB, the port connected to the computer is the same as the USB flashing port.

10.2 Install Kernel Headers

To install the .deb file located in the /opt/archives directory:

sudo dpkg -i /opt/archives/linux-headers-*.deb

To download and update the kernel header files online:

wget http://112.124.9.243/archives/RK3566/linux-headers-$(uname -r)-latest.deb
sudo dpkg -i ./linux-headers-latest.deb

You can visit http://112.124.9.243/archives/RK3566 to see which kernel deb packages are available.

10.3 Setting Kernel Boot Parameters (eMMC Only)

Flash the firmware file XXXX-eflasher-multiple-os-YYYYMMDD-30g.img.gz to a TF card, then insert the TF card into your computer. Windows will usually recognize the TF card partition automatically (formatted as exFAT). For Linux or Mac users, manually mount the first partition of the TF card. Assuming the TF card’s device name is /dev/sdX, mount /dev/sdX1.

Edit the info.conf configuration file in the OS directory on the TF card, adding the bootargs-ext parameter. For example:

bootargs-ext=rockchipdrm.fb_max_sz=2048

To remove a specified parameter, set it to empty. For example, to remove the userdata parameter:

bootargs-ext=userdata=

After editing, use this TF card to flash the system to eMMC.

To set kernel boot parameters during the creation of a mass production card, refer to the following script (example for RK3588): https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3588/blob/kernel-6.1.y/test/test-custom-bootargs.sh

11 More OS Support

11.1 DietPi

DietPi is a highly optimised & minimal Debian-based Linux distribution. DietPi is extremely lightweight at its core, and also extremely easy to install and use.
Setting up a single board computer (SBC) or even a computer, for both regular or server use, takes time and skill. DietPi provides an easy way to install and run favourite software you choose.
For more information, please visit this link https://dietpi.com/docs/.

DietPi supports many of the NanoPi board series, you may download the image file from here:

• https://dietpi.com/docs/hardware/#nanopi-series-friendlyarm
  

12 Resources

12.1 Datasheets and Schematics

• Schematics
  • TODO

• PCB Dimensional Diagram
  • TODO

13 Update Logs

13.1 2024-10-16

• KVM is enabled by default in the kernel
• Updated FriendlyWrt to version openwrt-23.05.05
• Added Proxmox VE system
• Added Buidroot (tag:linux-5.10-gen-rkr8)
• Added Debian bullseye desktop

13.2 2024-08-26

Initial Release