Debian Bullseye Desktop

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1 Work with Debian11 Desktop

1.1 Introduction to Debian11 Desktop

Debian11 Desktop is a light-weighted debian desktop system，it has the following features：

• Uses Xfce as default desktop;
  
• Mali GPU-based OpenGL support;
  
• Support Rockhip MPP video hard coding and hard decoding;
  
• Pre-installed mpv and smplayer, both support 4K video hardware decoding;
  
• Pre-installed Chromium browser, support vpu/gpu hardware acceleration (video hard decoding limited to h264/mp4 format);
  
• Compatible with Plex Server and Docker;
  

1.2 Account & Password

Regular Account:
    User Name: pi
    Password: pi

Root:
    the root user account is disabled by default, you may configure the root password through the 'sudo passwd root' command.

1.3 View IP address

Since the Debian Bullseye hostname is the hardware model by default, you can use the ping command to get the IP address:ping NanoPC-T6

1.4 Connect to Debian via SSH

Run the following commandssh pi@NanoPC-T6
The default password is: pi

1.5 Update Software Packages

$ sudo apt-get update

1.6 Install x11vnc Server on Debian for Remote Access

1.6.1 Install x11vnc server

The following command to install x11vnc server:

sudo apt-get install x11vnc

1.6.2 Set your password

sudo x11vnc -storepasswd /etc/x11vnc.pwd

1.6.3 Setup x11vnc server with systemd auto start up

Create service configuration file:

sudo vi /lib/systemd/system/x11vnc.service

Let’s copy and paste the following configuration into our newly create service file:

[Unit]
Description=Start x11vnc at startup.
Requires=display-manager.service
After=syslog.target network-online.target
Wants=syslog.target network-online.target
 
[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/usr/bin/x11vnc -display :0 -forever -loop -noxdamage -repeat -rfbauth /etc/x11vnc.pwd -rfbport 5900 -shared -capslock -nomodtweak
ExecStop=/usr/bin/x11vnc -R stop
Restart=on-failure
 
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

The following commands to reload the systmd system and to enable and start the x11vnc service:

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable x11vnc.service
sudo systemctl start x11vnc

1.6.4 Testing remote access

Start the VNC client software, input IP:5900 to connect:

1.7 Install the kernel-header package

sudo dpkg -i /opt/linux-headers-*.deb

try to compile a kernel module:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install git gcc make bc
git clone https://github.com/RinCat/RTL88x2BU-Linux-Driver.git
cd RTL88x2BU-Linux-Driver
make -j$(nproc)
sudo make install
sudo modprobe 88x2bu

1.8 Change time zone

1.8.1 Check the current time zone

timedatectl

1.8.2 List all available time zones

timedatectl list-timezones

1.8.3 Set the time zone (e.g. Shanghai)

sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai

1.9 Change startup LOGO and Wallpaper

1.9.1 Change startup LOGO

Replace the following two files in the kernel source code directory and recompile the kernel：
kernel/logo.bmp
kernel/logo_kernel.bmp
Or use the script to operate, as shown below：

• Download scripts:

git clone https://github.com/friendlyarm/sd-fuse_rk3588.git -b kernel-6.1.y --single-branch
cd sd-fuse_rk3588

• Compile kernel and repackage firmware

convert files/logo.jpg -type truecolor /tmp/logo.bmp
convert files/logo.jpg -type truecolor /tmp/logo_kernel.bmp
sudo LOGO=/tmp/logo.bmp KERNEL_LOGO=/tmp/logo_kernel.bmp ./build-kernel.sh debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64
sudo ./mk-sd-image.sh debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64
sudo ./mk-emmc-image.sh debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64

Note: If your system is not debian-bullseye-desktop-arm64, please specify according to the actual situation

1.9.2 Change Wallpaper

Modify the following configuration file:

/home/pi/.config/xfce4/xfconf/xfce-perchannel-xml/xfce4-desktop.xml

1.10 Soft Factory Reset

Execute the following command in a terminal:

sudo firstboot && sudo reboot

1.11 Start the program automatically at startup(For example Kodi)

Put the desktop file in the ~/.config/autostart/ directory, for example：

mkdir ~/.config/autostart/
cp /usr/share/applications/kodi.desktop ~/.config/autostart/

1.12 Disable auto-mounting

sudo systemctl mask udisks2
sudo reboot

1.13 Setup Chinese language and Input method

1.13.1 Setup Chinese language

Enter the following command and select 'zh_CN.UTF-8':

sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales

Add environment variables to .bashrc:

echo "export LC_ALL=zh_CN.UTF-8" >> ~/.bashrc
echo "export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8" >> ~/.bashrc
echo "export LANGUAGE=zh_CN.UTF-8" >> ~/.bashrc

Reboot device:

sudo reboot

1.13.2 Installing Chinese input method

Enter the following command to install fcitx and Pinyin input method:

sudo apt update
sudo apt-get install fcitx fcitx-pinyin
sudo apt-get install im-config
sudo apt-get install fcitx-table*
sudo apt-get install fcitx-ui-classic fcitx-ui-light
sudo apt-get install fcitx-frontend-gtk2 fcitx-frontend-gtk3 fcitx-frontend-qt4
sudo apt-get remove --purge scim* ibus*
sudo reboot

After reboot, press Ctrl+Space to switch between Chinese and English input methods, and the input method icon will appear in the upper right corner, right-click the input method icon in the upper right corner to switch input methods in the pop-up menu, as shown below:

1.14 Installing Plex Multimedia Server

Visit the Plex website: https://www.plex.tv/media-server-downloads/
On the download page, select the category "Plex Media Server", choose "Linux" for the platform and "Ubuntu(16.04+)/Debian(8+) - ARMv8" for the version,
After downloading the deb package, use the dpkg command to install the package:

sudo dpkg -i plexmediaserver_1.31.0.6654-02189b09f_arm64.deb

After installation, login to the Plex server by typing the following URL into your computer browser: http://IP地址:32400/web/

1.15 Install Docker on Debian

Please refer to: How to Install Docker on Debian

1.16 How to test NPU

Please refer to: NPU

1.17 How to test VPU

Please refer to: VPU

1.18 WiFi Connection

1.18.1 Gui

Click on the icon on the top right in the Debian's main window, select your wanted WiFi hotspot and proceed with prompts

1.18.2 Console

Please visit: Use NetworkManager to configure network settings

1.19 Cancel auto-login

Edit file:

sudo vim /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf

Comment out the following two lines (insert # in front of them):

autologin-user=pi
autologin-user-timeout=0

1.20 Test OpenGL ES

You can test it by clicking on the Terminator icon to start a commandline utility in the System Tools and run the following commands:

glmark2-es2

1.21 HDMI/DP LCD Resolution

Open the system's menu and go to Settings -> Display to customize your settings.

1.22 HiDPI and display scaling

Xfce supports HiDPI scaling which can be enabled using the settings manager: Go to Settings Manager > Appearance > Settings > Window Scaling and select 2 as the scaling factor.
Or Edit this file: ~/.config/xfce4/xfconf/xfce-perchannel-xml/xsettings.xml

1.23 Adjust HDMI overscan

Open the command line terminal and enter the command to operate, Note:
1) You need to login to the desktop;
2) If you are using ssh terminal, please use the same username as the desktop login. The default is pi. You cannot use the root user. you also need to assign the DISPLAY variable:

export DISPLAY=:0.0

1.23.1 Query which resolutions the display supports

xrandr -q

1.23.2 Set resolution

For example set to 1920X1080@60Hz:

xrandr --output HDMI-1 --mode 1920x1080 --refresh 60

1.23.3 Adjust the HDMI overscan

For example, the transformation scaling horizontal coordinates by 0.8, vertical coordinates by 1.04 and moving the screen by 35 pixels right and 19 pixels down:

xrandr --output HDMI-1 --transform 0.80,0,-35,0,1.04,-19,0,0,1

1.23.4 Automatic adjustment at boot

Edit ~/.config/autostart/lxrandr-autostart.desktop，Write the full xrandr command to the key at the beginning of "Exec= as shown below：

[Desktop Entry]
Type=Application
Name=LXRandR autostart
Comment=Start xrandr with settings done in LXRandR
Exec=sh -c 'xrandr --output HDMI-1 --mode 1920x1080 --refresh 50 --transform 1.04,0,-35,0,1.05,-30,0,0,1'

1.24 Chromium web browser

1.24.1 GPU

Chromium web browser has enabled hardware acceleration by default, supports WebGL, and can view hardware acceleration details by entering the URL chrome://gpu, as shown below:

1.24.2 VPU

Play a video in the browser, then use fuser on the command line to view the mpp device node to confirm that the vpu interface is being called:

pi@FriendlyElec:~$ fuser /dev/mpp_service
/dev/mpp_service:     3258

If there is no content output from the fuser command, it means software decoding.

1.25 Test hardware encoding

mpi_enc_test -w 1920 -h 1080 -t 7 -f 0 -o test.h264 -n 300
export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/0
ffplay test.h264

1.25.1 Check Supported Hardware Decoding Formats

Enter about://gpu in your browser's address bar and scroll to the bottom of the page to view the "Video Acceleration Information" table.
After playing a video, enter about://media-internals in your browser's address bar to check if hardware decoding was enabled for the most recent playback.

1.26 How to test HDMI-IN

1.26.1 Using script

The debian integrates the hdmirx_preview.sh test script, just run the script directly:

pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ hdmirx_preview.sh

the script path: /usr/local/bin/hdmirx_preview.sh
Please note that only the NV12 format can achieve optimal performance.

1.26.2 Using V4L2

The node of HDMI-IN device is: /dev/video0, which can be operated by the v4l2-ctl command.

• Obtain device information

pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ v4l2-ctl -d /dev/video0  -V -D
Driver Info:
	Driver name      : rk_hdmirx
	Card type        : rk_hdmirx
	Bus info         : fdee0000.hdmirx-controller
	Driver version   : 5.10.110
	Capabilities     : 0x84201000
		Video Capture Multiplanar
		Streaming
		Extended Pix Format
		Device Capabilities
	Device Caps      : 0x04201000
		Video Capture Multiplanar
		Streaming
		Extended Pix Format
Format Video Capture Multiplanar:
	Width/Height      : 3840/2160
	Pixel Format      : 'NV12' (Y/CbCr 4:2:0)
	Field             : None
	Number of planes  : 1
	Flags             : premultiplied-alpha, 0x000000fe
	Colorspace        : Unknown (0x11507070)
	Transfer Function : Unknown (0x000000b8)
	YCbCr/HSV Encoding: Unknown (0x000000ff)
	Quantization      : Default
	Plane 0           :
	   Bytes per Line : 3840
	   Size Image     : 12441600

• View the resolution and image format of the currently connected device

pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ v4l2-ctl -d /dev/video0 --get-fmt-video
Format Video Capture Multiplanar:
	Width/Height      : 3840/2160
	Pixel Format      : 'NV12' (Y/CbCr 4:2:0)
	Field             : None
	Number of planes  : 1
	Flags             : premultiplied-alpha, 0x000000fe
	Colorspace        : Unknown (0x1193b008)
	Transfer Function : Unknown (0x000000b8)
	YCbCr/HSV Encoding: Unknown (0x000000ff)
	Quantization      : Default
	Plane 0           :
	   Bytes per Line : 3840
	   Size Image     : 12441600

• Capture a frame

pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ v4l2-ctl  -d /dev/video0 --set-fmt-video=width=3840,height=2160,pixelformat='NV12' \
    --stream-mmap=4 --stream-skip=10  --stream-to=/home/pi/4k_nv12.yuv --stream-count=1 \
    --stream-poll

• Preview

use ffplay:

export DISPLAY=:0.0
ffplay -f rawvideo -video_size 3840x2160 -pixel_format nv12 4k_nv12.yuv

use mpv:

export DISPLAY=:0.0
mpv 4k_nv12.yuv --demuxer=rawvideo --demuxer-rawvideo-w=3840 --demuxer-rawvideo-h=2160 \
    --demuxer-rawvideo-mp-format=nv12 --demuxer-rawvideo-fps=60

• View HDMI-IN audio device

pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ cat /proc/asound/card*
 0 [rockchipdp0    ]: rockchip_dp0 - rockchip,dp0
                      rockchip,dp0
 1 [rockchiphdmi0  ]: rockchip_hdmi0 - rockchip,hdmi0
                      rockchip,hdmi0
 2 [realtekrt5616co]: realtek_rt5616- - realtek,rt5616-codec
                      realtek,rt5616-codec
 3 [rockchiphdmi1  ]: rockchip_hdmi1 - rockchip,hdmi1
                      rockchip,hdmi1
 4 [rockchiphdmiin ]: rockchip_hdmiin - rockchip,hdmiin
                      rockchip,hdmiin

As you can see, the sound card number of HDMI-IN is 4.

• Recording audio (recording 10 seconds)

pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ arecord -D hw:4,0 -f cd test.wav -d 10

• Playback recorded audio (output to HDMI0)

pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ aplay test.wav -D 'hw:rockchiphdmi0'

1.26.3 Using GStreamer

• Live Preview

pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ export DISPLAY=:0.0
pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ gst-launch-1.0 v4l2src device=/dev/video0 ! video/x-raw,format=NV12,width=3840,height=2160,framerate=60/1 \
	! queue ! xvimagesink

• Audio and video recording

pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ gst-launch-1.0 v4l2src device=/dev/video0 ! video/x-raw,format=NV12,width=3840,height=2160,framerate=60/1 \
	! queue ! mpph265enc ! h265parse ! queue ! mux. alsasrc device=hw:CARD=rockchiphdmiin ! audio/x-raw,channels=2 \
	! audioconvert ! voaacenc ! queue ! mux. matroskamux name=mux ! filesink location="4kp60.mkv"

• Live preview + audio and video recording

pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ export DISPLAY=:0.0
pi@NanoPC-T6:~$ gst-launch-1.0 -e v4l2src device=/dev/video0 ! 'video/x-raw,format=NV12,width=3840,height=2160' \
	! tee name=t t. ! mpph265enc bps=20000000 bps-max=40000000 rc-mode=vbr ! h265parse ! mp4mux name=mux \
	! filesink location=4k60.mp4 alsasrc device=hw:CARD=rockchiphdmiin ! opusenc ! mux. t. ! queue leaky=1 ! autovideosink sync=false